Abstract
Modifications of three detection methods, based on the heat-gradient principle employed by the Berlese funnel method were investigated to extract larvae of the rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens), developing under the seed coats of infested kernels in grain samples. One-kilogram samples of wheat, barley and corn were artificially infested with rusty grain beetle eggs, resulting in survival rates (to larval stage) of 71.1 ± 14.4, 58.9 ± 14.3, and 24.7 ± 11.8%, respectively. Sets of 10 infested kernels containing different-aged larvae (10 individuals × 4 instars) were added to 1-kg samples of hydrated grain, then heated on screens beneath heat sources (lights) at several heights in three different containers (Berlese funnel, with a 7-cm-deep grain layer, or square and rectangular screened boxes with a grain layer several kernels deep). There were no significantly different extraction rates between the rectangular and square containers for all heating trials. A larval extraction rate of 31% was produced by 1-h trials with wheat (15% moisture content wet basis) 5.5 cm below the lamp bank with a thermostat set at 50°C. This matched the efficiency of the Berlese funnel method (36% extraction in 6 h), but in much less time. Similar results were found for barley, bu t for corn the square and rectangle gave significantly better extraction than the Berlese funnel, although extraction efficiency was half that of wheat and barley. Considerably lower extraction rates were obtained from trials that did not use a thermostat. The results from this experiment show that there is a potential alternative detection method with the thermostatically controlled heating of a thin layer of grain that should be faster than the conventional 6-h Berlese funnel method. Key words: Cryptolestes ferrugineus, grain, larval extraction, Berlese funnel, grain monolayer
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Rusty grain beetle survival to larvae was 71.1 ± 14.4% in wheat.
- Taxon
- wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Interactor
- rusty grain beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- survival rates (to larval stage)e0
- Value
- 71.1 ± 14.4e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat, barley and corn were artificially infested with rusty grain beetle eggs, resulting in survival rates (to larval stage) of 71.1 ± 14.4, 58.9 ± 14.3, and 24.7 ± 11.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rusty grain beetle survival to larvae was 58.9 ± 14.3% in barley.
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaree0 - Interactor
- rusty grain beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- survival rates (to larval stage)e0
- Value
- 58.9 ± 14.3e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“wheat, barley and corn were artificially infested with rusty grain beetle eggs, resulting in survival rates (to larval stage) of 71.1 ± 14.4, 58.9 ± 14.3, and 24.7 ± 11.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rusty grain beetle survival to larvae was 24.7 ± 11.8% in corn.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Interactor
- rusty grain beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- survival rates (to larval stage)e0
- Value
- 24.7 ± 11.8%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“wheat, barley and corn were artificially infested with rusty grain beetle eggs, resulting in survival rates (to larval stage) of 71.1 ± 14.4, 58.9 ± 14.3, and 24.7 ± 11.8%, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Rectangular and square containers did not differ significantly in extraction rates.
- Taxon
- graint0
- Interactor
- Cryptolestes ferrugineus
Cryptolestes ferrugineuse1pest - Outcome
- extraction ratese0
- Direction
- no significantly differente0
- Comparator
- square containerse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“There were no significantly different extraction rates between the rectangular and square containers for all heating trials.”
t0“stored grain”
e1“Cryptolestes ferrugineus (Stephens)”
Claim · model-written summary
A thermostatically heated wheat layer extracted 31% of larvae in one hour.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- thermostat set at 50°Ce0
- Outcome
- larval extraction ratee0
- Value
- 31%e0
- Qualifier
- 1-h trialse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A larval extraction rate of 31% was produced by 1-h trials with wheat (15% moisture content wet basis) 5.5 cm below the lamp bank with a thermostat set at 50°C.”
Claim · model-written summary
The wheat heating trial matched the Berlese funnel extraction efficiency in less time.
- Taxon
- wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- efficiencye0
- Direction
- matchede0
- Qualifier
- 36% extraction in 6 he0
- Comparator
- Berlese funnel methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“This matched the efficiency of the Berlese funnel method (36% extraction in 6 h), but in much less time.”
t0“stored grain”
e1“with wheat (15% moisture content wet basis)”
Claim · model-written summary
Barley yielded similar extraction results.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaree0
- Outcome
- Similar resultse0
- Value
- Similare0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Similar results were found for barley”
Claim · model-written summary
For corn, square and rectangular containers extracted larvae better than the Berlese funnel.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- extractione0
- Direction
- bettere0
- Comparator
- Berlese funnele0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for corn the square and rectangle gave significantly better extraction than the Berlese funnel”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn extraction efficiency was half that of wheat and barley.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- extraction efficiencye0
- Value
- halfe0
- Comparator
- wheat and barleye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for corn the square and rectangle gave significantly better extraction than the Berlese funnel, although extraction efficiency was half that of wheat and barley”
Claim · model-written summary
Trials without a thermostat had considerably lower extraction rates.
Verbatim
e0“Considerably lower extraction rates were obtained from trials that did not use a thermostat.”
t0“stored grain”
Claim · model-written summary
Thermostatically heating a thin grain layer could provide faster detection than the conventional six-hour funnel method.
Verbatim
e0“there is a potential alternative detection method with the thermostatically controlled heating of a thin layer of grain that should be faster than the conventional 6-h Berlese funnel method”
t0“stored grain”