Abstract
Exposure to chilling temperatures (0–10°C) increases ethylene synthesis in several species, but it is not clear whether this increase in ethylene synthesis is involved in the development of chilling tolerance. To determine this relationship, chilling tolerance development of the ethylene‐insensitive Never‐ripe (Nr) tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Pearson) mutant was compared to that of a normal isogenic line. Plants were grown for 3 weeks at 25/20°C day/night, and then half the plants of each genotype were chill‐hardened at 25/5°C day/night for 10 days, while the other half remained at 25/20°C. All plants were then exposed to a severe chill (5/5°C day/night) for 7 days, and a recovery period (25/20°C day/night) of 4 days. Chill hardening increased ethylene synthesis in both genotypes, but increased the rate of leaf development and dry weight accumulation during the recovery period only for the normal plants. Hardening also caused a greater decrease in lesion development in the normal plants following the severe chill. Therefore, chill hardening was more effective in the ethylene‐sensitive normal plants than in the ethylene‐insensitive mutants, indicating that a response to ethylene is involved in chilling tolerance development. However, chill hardening was effective for both genotypes in maintaining chlorophyll a fluorescence levels (F v /F m ), suggesting that ethylene does not control all aspects of chilling tolerance. In a separate experiment, application of a 500 ppm ethephon solution to normal ‘Pearson’ plants led to higher rates of ethylene synthesis and a higher rate of leaf development following a 6 day severe chill (5/5°C day/night). These results further indicate that ethylene is involved in the development of chilling tolerance.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chill hardening increased ethylene synthesis in tomato plants of both genotypes.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- Chill hardeninge1
- Outcome
- ethylene synthesise1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Chill hardening increased ethylene synthesis in both genotypes, but increased the rate of leaf development and dry weight accumulation during the recovery period only for the normal plants”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chill hardening increased the rate of leaf development and dry weight accumulation during recovery only in normal tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- normal plantse1
- Treatment
- Chill hardeninge1
- Outcome
- rate of leaf development and dry weight accumulatione1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Chill hardening increased ethylene synthesis in both genotypes, but increased the rate of leaf development and dry weight accumulation during the recovery period only for the normal plants”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Hardening caused a greater decrease in lesion development in normal tomato plants following severe chill.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- normal plantse2
- Treatment
- Hardeninge2
- Outcome
- lesion developmente2
- Direction
- decreasee2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Hardening also caused a greater decrease in lesion development in the normal plants following the severe chill”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chill hardening was more effective in ethylene-sensitive normal tomato plants than in ethylene-insensitive mutants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- ethylene‐sensitive normal plantse3
- Treatment
- chill hardeninge3
- Outcome
- effectivee3
- Direction
- more effectivee3
- Comparator
- ethylene‐insensitive mutantse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Therefore, chill hardening was more effective in the ethylene‐sensitive normal plants than in the ethylene‐insensitive mutants”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Chill hardening maintained chlorophyll a fluorescence levels in both tomato genotypes.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- chill hardeninge4
- Outcome
- chlorophyll a fluorescence levelse4
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“chill hardening was effective for both genotypes in maintaining chlorophyll a fluorescence levels”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene does not control all aspects of chilling tolerance in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Outcome
- chilling tolerancee5
- Qualifier
- ethylene does not control all aspects of chilling tolerancee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“suggesting that ethylene does not control all aspects of chilling tolerance”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 500 ppm ethephon solution to normal Pearson tomato plants increased the rates of ethylene synthesis.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Pearsone6
- Treatment
- 500 ppm ethephon solutione6
- Outcome
- rates of ethylene synthesise6
- Direction
- highere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“application of a 500 ppm ethephon solution to normal ‘Pearson’ plants led to higher rates of ethylene synthesis and a higher rate of leaf development following a 6 day severe chill (5/5°C day/night)”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 500 ppm ethephon solution to normal Pearson tomato plants increased the rate of leaf development after a 6 day severe chill.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Material
- Pearsone6
- Treatment
- 500 ppm ethephon solutione6
- Outcome
- rate of leaf developmente6
- Direction
- highere6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“application of a 500 ppm ethephon solution to normal ‘Pearson’ plants led to higher rates of ethylene synthesis and a higher rate of leaf development following a 6 day severe chill (5/5°C day/night)”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene is involved in the development of chilling tolerance in tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Compound
- ethylenee7
- Outcome
- development of chilling tolerancee7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“These results further indicate that ethylene is involved in the development of chilling tolerance”
t0“chilling tolerance in tomato”