Abstract
SUMMARY In field experiments on a sandy loam at Wellesbourne, England in 1972 and on a silt loam at Agassiz, British Columbia in 1973, combinations of herbicides and insecticides were applied at sowing to determine their effects on weeds and invertebrate populations and on the growth and yield of cauliflowers grown at high density There was good agreement between the results from the two locations. The two combinations of herbicides, 0.6 kg trifluralin/ha incorporated pre‐drilling plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha pre‐emergence and 2.2 kg nitrofen/ha plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha both applied pre‐emergence, gave good weed control, their relative effectiveness depending on the species composition of the weed population. The insecticides isophenphos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos and fensulfothion were applied as bow‐wave treatments. None of them, whether in combination with herbicides or not, adversely affected crop stand or yield. Yield was reduced when either weeds or root‐fly maggots ( Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)) were not controlled. Only in one experiment was there any evidence of any herbicide‐insecticide interactions. Where trifluralin and carbofuran were applied together at Agassiz, the control of both weeds and maggots was less than that with the other combinations. None of the treatments affected the populations of predatory beetles, but the numbers of earthworms were greatly reduced by carbofuran and to a lesser extent by chlorfenvinphos. Except for carbofuran in one experiment, the treatments had no effects on the numbers of aphids, lepidopterous larvae or leaf miners present at harvest.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin plus propachlor controlled weeds.
- Taxon
- cauliflower
Brassica oleracea var. botrytist0 - Treatment
- 0.6 kg trifluralin/ha incorporated pre‐drilling plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha pre‐emergencee0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- goode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“0.6 kg trifluralin/ha incorporated pre‐drilling plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha pre‐emergence and 2.2 kg nitrofen/ha plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha both applied pre‐emergence, gave good weed control”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Nitrofen plus propachlor controlled weeds.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- 2.2 kg nitrofen/ha plus 2.2 kg propachlor/hae0
- Interactor
- weede0weed
- Outcome
- weed controle0
- Direction
- goode0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“2.2 kg nitrofen/ha plus 2.2 kg propachlor/ha both applied pre‐emergence, gave good weed control”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Isophenphos did not adversely affect stand or yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- isophenphose0
- Outcome
- crop stand or yielde0
- Direction
- None of theme0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The insecticides isophenphos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos and fensulfothion were applied as bow‐wave treatments. None of them, whether in combination with herbicides or not, adversely affected crop stand or yield.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran did not adversely affect stand or yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- carbofurane0
- Outcome
- crop stand or yielde0
- Direction
- None of theme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The insecticides isophenphos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos and fensulfothion were applied as bow‐wave treatments. None of them, whether in combination with herbicides or not, adversely affected crop stand or yield.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos did not adversely affect stand or yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose0
- Outcome
- crop stand or yielde0
- Direction
- None of theme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The insecticides isophenphos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos and fensulfothion were applied as bow‐wave treatments. None of them, whether in combination with herbicides or not, adversely affected crop stand or yield.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Fensulfothion did not adversely affect stand or yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- fensulfothione0
- Outcome
- crop stand or yielde0
- Direction
- None of theme0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The insecticides isophenphos, carbofuran, chlorfenvinphos and fensulfothion were applied as bow‐wave treatments. None of them, whether in combination with herbicides or not, adversely affected crop stand or yield.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Uncontrolled weeds reduced yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield was reduced when either weeds or root‐fly maggots ( Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)) were not controlled.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Uncontrolled root-fly maggots reduced yield.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Interactor
- Hylemya brassicaee0pest
- Outcome
- Yielde0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Yield was reduced when either weeds or root‐fly maggots ( Hylemya brassicae (Bouché)) were not controlled.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Trifluralin with carbofuran gave poorer weed control at Agassiz.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- trifluralin and carbofurane0
- Interactor
- weedse0weed
- Second interactor
- maggotse0pest
- Outcome
- control of both weeds and maggotse0
- Direction
- less thane0
- Comparator
- the other combinationse0
- Setting
- Agassize0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Where trifluralin and carbofuran were applied together at Agassiz, the control of both weeds and maggots was less than that with the other combinations.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatments did not affect predatory beetles.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Interactor
- predatory beetlese0other
- Outcome
- populations of predatory beetlese0
- Direction
- None of the treatments affectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“None of the treatments affected the populations of predatory beetles”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbofuran greatly reduced earthworm numbers.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- carbofurane0
- Interactor
- earthwormsCrassiclitellatae0other
- Outcome
- numbers of earthwormse0
- Direction
- greatly reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the numbers of earthworms were greatly reduced by carbofuran and to a lesser extent by chlorfenvinphos.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos reduced earthworm numbers less.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose0
- Interactor
- earthwormsCrassiclitellatae0other
- Outcome
- numbers of earthwormse0
- Direction
- to a lesser extente0
- Comparator
- carbofurane0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the numbers of earthworms were greatly reduced by carbofuran and to a lesser extent by chlorfenvinphos.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
Claim · model-written summary
Except carbofuran in one experiment, treatments did not affect aphid, lepidopteran larva, or leaf miner numbers.
- Taxon
- cauliflowerBrassica oleracea var. botrytist0
- Treatment
- treatmentse0
- Interactor
- aphidsAphidomorphae0pest
- Second interactor
- lepidopterous larvaee0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of aphids, lepidopterous larvae or leaf minerse0
- Direction
- no effectse0
- Qualifier
- Except for carbofuran in one experimente0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Except for carbofuran in one experiment, the treatments had no effects on the numbers of aphids, lepidopterous larvae or leaf miners present at harvest.”
t0“minicauliflower crop”
The same questions in other papers
carbofuran · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
fensulfothion · yield · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- negative
- positive
- negative
trifluralin · weed · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- no effect
2 papers more in this group
See all 6 papers →propachlor · weed · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
herbicide · weed · Brassica oleracea (wild cabbage)Results agree
13 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
10 papers more in this group
See all 14 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.