Abstract
The increasing prevalence of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) deficiencies in human populations worldwide has stressed the need for more information about the distribution and chemical speciation of these elements in cereal products. In order to investigate these aspects, barley grains were fractionated into awns, embryo, bran and endosperm and analysed for Fe and Zn. Simultaneously, phosphorus (P) and sulfur (S) were determined since these elements are major constituents of phytic acid and proteins, respectively, compounds which are potentially involved in Fe and Zn binding. A novel analytical method was developed in which oxygen was added to the octopole reaction cell of the ICP-MS. This approach greatly improved the sensitivity of sulfur, measured as (48)SO(+). Simultaneously, Fe was measured as (72)FeO(+), P as (47)PO(+), and Zn as (66)Zn(+), enabling sensitive and simultaneous analysis of these four elements. The highest concentrations of Zn, Fe, S and P were found in the bran and embryo fractions. Further analysis of the embryo using SEC-ICP-MS revealed that the speciation of Fe and Zn differed. The majority of Fe co-eluted with P as a species with the apparent mass of 12.3 kDa, whereas the majority of Zn co-eluted with S as a 3 kDa species, devoid of any co-eluting P. Subsequent ion pairing chromatography of the Fe/P peak showed that phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate: IP(6)) was the main Fe binding ligand, with the stoichiometry Fe(4)(IP(6))(18). When incubating the embryo tissue with phytase, the enzyme responsible for degradation of phytic acid, the extraction efficiency of both Fe and P was doubled, whereas that of Zn and S was unaffected. Protein degradation on the other hand, using protease XIV, boosted the extraction of Zn and S, but not that of Fe and P. It is concluded that Fe and Zn have a different speciation in cereal grain tissues; Zn appears to be mainly bound to peptides, while Fe is mainly associated with phytic acid.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Adding oxygen to the ICP-MS octopole reaction cell greatly improved the sensitivity of sulfur measured as (48)SO(+).
- Taxon
- barley
.jpg?width=60)
Hordeum vulgaret0 - Treatment
- oxygen was added to the octopole reaction cell of the ICP-MSe0
- Outcome
- sensitivity of sulfure1
- Direction
- greatly improvede1
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e0“oxygen was added to the octopole reaction cell of the ICP-MS”
e1“This approach greatly improved the sensitivity of sulfur, measured as (48)SO(+)”
Claim · model-written summary
The oxygen-cell ICP-MS method enabled sensitive and simultaneous analysis of Fe, Zn, S and P in barley grain.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- sensitive and simultaneous analysise2
- Direction
- enablinge2
Not reportedComparatorValue
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e2“enabling sensitive and simultaneous analysis of these four elements”
Claim · model-written summary
The highest concentrations of Zn, Fe, S and P were found in barley bran and embryo fractions.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- bran and embryo fractionse3
- Outcome
- concentrations of Zn, Fe, S and Pe3
- Direction
- higheste3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e3“The highest concentrations of Zn, Fe, S and P were found in the bran and embryo fractions”
Claim · model-written summary
In the embryo, the speciation of Fe and Zn differed.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- embryoe4
- Outcome
- speciation of Fe and Zne4
- Direction
- differede4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e4“Further analysis of the embryo using SEC-ICP-MS revealed that the speciation of Fe and Zn differed”
Claim · model-written summary
In the embryo, the majority of Fe co-eluted with P as a species of 12.3 kDa apparent mass.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- The majority of Fe co-eluted with Pe5
- Value
- 12.3 kDae5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e5“The majority of Fe co-eluted with P as a species with the apparent mass of 12.3 kDa”
Claim · model-written summary
The majority of Zn co-eluted with S as a 3 kDa species that had no co-eluting P.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- the majority of Zn co-eluted with Se6
- Value
- 3 kDae6
- Qualifier
- devoid of any co-eluting Pe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e6“the majority of Zn co-eluted with S as a 3 kDa species, devoid of any co-eluting P”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytic acid was the main Fe binding ligand in the Fe/P peak.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Compound
- phytic acide7
- Outcome
- main Fe binding ligande7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e7“phytic acid (myo-inositol-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexakisphosphate: IP(6)) was the main Fe binding ligand”
Claim · model-written summary
The Fe-phytic acid complex had the stoichiometry Fe(4)(IP(6))(18).
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Outcome
- stoichiometrye1
- Value
- Fe(4)(IP(6))(18)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e1“with the stoichiometry Fe(4)(IP(6))(18)”
Claim · model-written summary
Incubating barley embryo tissue with phytase doubled the extraction efficiency of Fe and P.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Organ / stage
- embryo tissuee1
- Treatment
- incubating the embryo tissue with phytasee1
- Outcome
- extraction efficiency of both Fe and Pe1
- Direction
- doublede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e1“When incubating the embryo tissue with phytase, the enzyme responsible for degradation of phytic acid, the extraction efficiency of both Fe and P was doubled”
Claim · model-written summary
Phytase incubation left the extraction efficiency of Zn and S unaffected.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- incubating the embryo tissue with phytasee1
- Outcome
- that of Zn and Se2
- Direction
- unaffectede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e1“When incubating the embryo tissue with phytase, the enzyme responsible for degradation of phytic acid, the extraction efficiency of both Fe and P was doubled”
e2“whereas that of Zn and S was unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Protease XIV boosted the extraction of Zn and S.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- protease XIVe1
- Outcome
- extraction of Zn and Se1
- Direction
- boostede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e1“Protein degradation on the other hand, using protease XIV, boosted the extraction of Zn and S”
Claim · model-written summary
Protease XIV did not boost the extraction of Fe and P.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Treatment
- protease XIVe1
- Outcome
- that of Fe and Pe2
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e1“Protein degradation on the other hand, using protease XIV, boosted the extraction of Zn and S”
e2“but not that of Fe and P”
Claim · model-written summary
Zn appears to be mainly bound to peptides in barley grain tissues.
- Taxon
- barleyHordeum vulgaret0
- Compound
- peptidese1
- Outcome
- Zn appears to be mainly bounde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“barley grain tissues”
e1“Zn appears to be mainly bound to peptides”