Abstract
There is little information available that describes the effects of bird cherry‐oat aphids ( Rhopalosiphum padi L.) and Barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) on cereal plant root systems. This 2‐yr field experiment was conducted to determine how spring wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) root characteristics, shoot characteristics, and grain yield respond to R. padi infestation, BYDV infection, or a combination of R. padi plus BYDV. Treatments were applied at the 2‐ to 3‐leaf stage. When measured at anthesis, plants that received R. padi treatments (300 aphid days) had about a 30% greater total root length (as measured with a minirhizotron) than control plants. Plants that received BYDV as well as those that received R. padi plus BYDV had about a 40% decrease in total root length when compared with the control. Root system characteristics at different soil depths responded differently to BYDV infection across the 2 yr of the study. In the first year, BYDV‐infected plants had less root length at all soil depths measured than plants that did not receive BYDV infection. In the second year, which was drier near anthesis, root lengths of both BYDV infected and uninfected plants were similar at the 0‐ to 18‐cm soil depth, while at deeper soil depths, plants that had BYDV infection had less root length than plants that did not receive BYDV infection. Plants that received either R. padi or BYDV had fewer tillers, less tiller height, and less shoot dry weight than control plants. The lack of R. padi × BYDV interaction for above‐ground variables suggests that shoots responded to BYDV in a similar manner regardless of whether or not they received R. padi treatment. Treatments consisting of R. padi infestation or BYDV infection reduced individual kernel weight by 8 or 22%, respectively. Infection with BYDV also caused a 53% reduction in the number of kernels per meter of row and a 62% reduction in total grain yield. We conclude that R. padi infestation caused acute injury to spring wheat plants while BYDV caused chronic injury. Most of the dependent variables measured in this experiment responded to BYDV in a similar manner regardless of whether or not the plants received R. padi treatment.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Aphid treatment increased total root length by about 30% at anthesis.
- Taxon
- spring wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- R. padi treatments (300 aphid days)e0
- Interactor
- R. padi
_Figure_1_a.jpg?width=60)
Rhopalosiphum padie0pest - Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 30%e0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_1_a.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“plants that received R. padi treatments (300 aphid days) had about a 30% greater total root length (as measured with a minirhizotron) than control plants”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced total root length by about 40%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BYDVe0
- Interactor
- BYDV
Barley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen - Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants that received BYDV as well as those that received R. padi plus BYDV had about a 40% decrease in total root length when compared with the control”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined R. padi and BYDV treatment reduced total root length by about 40%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- R. padi plus BYDVe0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie0pest
- Outcome
- total root lengthe0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 40%e0
- Comparator
- the controle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants that received BYDV as well as those that received R. padi plus BYDV had about a 40% decrease in total root length when compared with the control”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced root length at all measured soil depths in year one.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BYDV‐infectede0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- plants that did not receive BYDV infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In the first year, BYDV‐infected plants had less root length at all soil depths measured than plants that did not receive BYDV infection”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In year two, BYDV infection did not distinguish root length at 0 to 18 cm.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BYDV infectede0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- root lengthse0
- Direction
- similare0
- Qualifier
- 0‐ to 18‐cm soil depthe0
- Comparator
- uninfected plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“root lengths of both BYDV infected and uninfected plants were similar at the 0‐ to 18‐cm soil depth”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
In year two, BYDV infection reduced root length at deeper depths.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BYDV infectione0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- root lengthe0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Qualifier
- deeper soil depthse0
- Comparator
- plants that did not receive BYDV infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“at deeper soil depths, plants that had BYDV infection had less root length than plants that did not receive BYDV infection”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi reduced tillers, tiller height and shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- R. padie0
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie0pest
- Outcome
- tillers, less tiller height, and less shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants that received either R. padi or BYDV had fewer tillers, less tiller height, and less shoot dry weight than control plants”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced tillers, tiller height and shoot dry weight.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BYDVe0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- tillers, less tiller height, and less shoot dry weighte0
- Direction
- fewere0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Plants that received either R. padi or BYDV had fewer tillers, less tiller height, and less shoot dry weight than control plants”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
Above-ground responses to BYDV did not vary with R. padi treatment.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie0pest
- Outcome
- above‐ground variablese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lack of R. padi × BYDV interaction for above‐ground variables suggests that shoots responded to BYDV in a similar manner regardless of whether or not they received R. padi treatment”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi reduced individual kernel weight by 8%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- R. padi infestatione0
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie0pest
- Outcome
- individual kernel weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 8e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments consisting of R. padi infestation or BYDV infection reduced individual kernel weight by 8 or 22%, respectively”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced individual kernel weight by 22%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- BYDV infectione0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- individual kernel weighte0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- 22%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treatments consisting of R. padi infestation or BYDV infection reduced individual kernel weight by 8 or 22%, respectively”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced kernels per meter of row by 53%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Infection with BYDVe0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of kernels per meter of rowe0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 53%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection with BYDV also caused a 53% reduction in the number of kernels per meter of row and a 62% reduction in total grain yield”
t0“Spring Wheat”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced total grain yield by 62%.
- Taxon
- spring wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Infection with BYDVe0
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- total grain yielde0
- Direction
- reductione0
- Value
- 62%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection with BYDV also caused a 53% reduction in the number of kernels per meter of row and a 62% reduction in total grain yield”
t0“Spring Wheat”
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