Abstract
Grain yield loss caused by bird cherry‐oat aphid ( Rhopalosiphum padi L.) infestation and barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV) infection may result from direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop as well as from reduced crop tolerance to stress environments. This greenhouse study measured the effects of R. padi infestation, BYDV infection, or a combination of R. padi plus BYDV on plant height, date of anthesis, yield, and yield components of four winter wheat varieties (‘Roughrider’, ‘Norstar’, ‘TAM 107’, and ‘Vona’) in the absence of additional environmental stresses. Treatments were applied at the two‐leaf growth stage. Early in the pre‐vernalization growth period, R. padi treatment (alone or in combination with BYDV) reduced plant height to about 55 to 60% of the control plant height while BYDY treated plants were about 90% of control. During the post‐vernalization growth period, plant heights attained about 90% of control in the R. padi treatment, to about 80% of control in the BYDV treatment and to about 70% of control in the R. padi + BYDV treatment. Dates of anthesis were later in the R. padi +BYDV treatments than in the R. padi treatments for Norstar, Roughrider, and Vona but not for TAM 107. Individual kernel weights in the BYDV and R. padi +BYDV treatments were less than control or R. padi treatments for Norstar, TAM 107, and Vona but not for Roughrider. Control or R. padi ‐treated plants had a greater number of fertile heads than plants given the BYDV or R. padi +BYDV treatments. Grain yield was strongly associated with kernel number per plant. The number of kernels per plant was reduced 19% by the R. padi treatment, 36% by the BYDV treatment, and 50% by the R. padi +BYDV treatment. Grain yield was reduced 21% by the R. padi treatment, 46% by the BYDV treatment, and 58% by the R. padi +BYDV treatment. With the exception of date of anthesis and individual kernel weight, there were no significant treatment by variety interactions for plant height, grain yield, and yield components. We conclude that R. padi infestation and BYDV infection caused significant yield reductions and that the varieties tested had little difference in their responses to these treatments in the absence of additional environmental stress.
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Claims 18
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi infestation, alone or with BYDV, reduced early plant height to about 55 to 60% of control.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Treatment
- R. padi treatmente1
- Interactor
- R. padi
_Figure_1_a.jpg?width=60)
Rhopalosiphum padie1pest - Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 55 to 60%e1
- Qualifier
- alone or in combination with BYDVe1
- Comparator
- controle1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Figure_1_a.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“R. padi treatment (alone or in combination with BYDV) reduced plant height to about 55 to 60% of the control plant height”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV-infected plants (printed as BYDY) were about 90% of control height early in the pre-vernalization period.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- BYDYe2
- Interactor
- BYDV
Barley yellow dwarf viruse1pathogen - Outcome
- plant heighte1
- Direction
- lowerinferrede2
- Value
- 90%e2
- Comparator
- controle2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“R. padi treatment (alone or in combination with BYDV) reduced plant height to about 55 to 60% of the control plant height”
e2“BYDY treated plants were about 90% of control”
Claim · model-written summary
In the post-vernalization period, R. padi treatment kept plant heights at about 90% of control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi treatmente3
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie3pest
- Outcome
- plant heightse3
- Direction
- lowerinferrede3
- Value
- 90%e3
- Comparator
- controle3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e3“plant heights attained about 90% of control in the R. padi treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
In the post-vernalization period, BYDV treatment kept plant heights at about 80% of control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- BYDV treatmente4
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse4pathogen
- Outcome
- plant heightse3
- Direction
- lowerinferrede4
- Value
- 80%e4
- Comparator
- controle4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e3“plant heights attained about 90% of control in the R. padi treatment”
e4“to about 80% of control in the BYDV treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
In the post-vernalization period, R. padi plus BYDV kept plant heights at about 70% of control.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi + BYDV treatmente5
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie5pest
- Second interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse5pathogen
- Outcome
- plant heightse3
- Direction
- lowerinferrede5
- Value
- 70%e5
- Comparator
- controle5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e3“plant heights attained about 90% of control in the R. padi treatment”
e5“to about 70% of control in the R. padi + BYDV treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Anthesis was later under R. padi plus BYDV than under R. padi alone for Norstar, Roughrider and Vona but not TAM 107.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Norstar, Roughrider, and Vonae6
- Treatment
- R. padi +BYDV treatmentse6
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie6pest
- Second interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse6pathogen
- Outcome
- Dates of anthesise6
- Direction
- latere6
- Qualifier
- but not for TAM 107e6
- Comparator
- R. padi treatmentse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e6“Dates of anthesis were later in the R. padi +BYDV treatments than in the R. padi treatments for Norstar, Roughrider, and Vona but not for TAM 107”
Claim · model-written summary
Individual kernel weights were lower under BYDV and R. padi plus BYDV than under control or R. padi for Norstar, TAM 107 and Vona but not Roughrider.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Material
- Norstar, TAM 107, and Vonae7
- Treatment
- BYDV and R. padi +BYDV treatmentse7
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie7pest
- Second interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse7pathogen
- Outcome
- Individual kernel weightse7
- Direction
- lesse7
- Qualifier
- but not for Roughridere7
- Comparator
- control or R. padi treatmentse7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e7“Individual kernel weights in the BYDV and R. padi +BYDV treatments were less than control or R. padi treatments for Norstar, TAM 107, and Vona but not for Roughrider”
Claim · model-written summary
Control or R. padi plants had more fertile heads than plants given BYDV or R. padi plus BYDV.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- BYDV or R. padi +BYDVe1
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse1pathogen
- Second interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie1pest
- Outcome
- number of fertile headse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Comparator
- Control or R. padie2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“had a greater number of fertile heads than plants given the BYDV or R. padi +BYDV treatments”
e2“Control or R. padi”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi reduced kernels per plant by 19%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi treatmente1
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie1pest
- Outcome
- kernels per plante1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 19%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“The number of kernels per plant was reduced 19% by the R. padi treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced kernels per plant by 36%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- BYDV treatmente2
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse2pathogen
- Outcome
- kernels per plante1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 36%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“The number of kernels per plant was reduced 19% by the R. padi treatment”
e2“36% by the BYDV treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi plus BYDV reduced kernels per plant by 50%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi +BYDV treatmente2
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie2pest
- Second interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse2pathogen
- Outcome
- kernels per plante1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 50%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“The number of kernels per plant was reduced 19% by the R. padi treatment”
e2“50% by the R. padi +BYDV treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi reduced grain yield by 21%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi treatmente1
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie1pest
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 21%e1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“Grain yield was reduced 21% by the R. padi treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
BYDV reduced grain yield by 46%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- BYDV treatmente2
- Interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse2pathogen
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 46%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“Grain yield was reduced 21% by the R. padi treatment”
e2“46% by the BYDV treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi plus BYDV reduced grain yield by 58%.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi +BYDV treatmente2
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie2pest
- Second interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse2pathogen
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Value
- 58%e2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“Grain yield was reduced 21% by the R. padi treatment”
e2“58% by the R. padi +BYDV treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
Grain yield was strongly associated with kernel number per plant.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- Grain yielde1
- Qualifier
- strongly associated with kernel number per plante1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“Grain yield was strongly associated with kernel number per plant”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment by variety interactions were not significant for plant height, grain yield and yield components, except for date of anthesis and individual kernel weight.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- treatment by variety interactionse1
- Qualifier
- With the exception of date of anthesis and individual kernel weighte1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“With the exception of date of anthesis and individual kernel weight, there were no significant treatment by variety interactions for plant height, grain yield, and yield components”
Claim · model-written summary
R. padi infestation and BYDV infection caused significant yield reductions in winter wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Treatment
- R. padi infestation and BYDV infectione1
- Interactor
- R. padiRhopalosiphum padie1pest
- Second interactor
- BYDVBarley yellow dwarf viruse1pathogen
- Outcome
- yielde1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“We conclude that R. padi infestation and BYDV infection caused significant yield reductions”
Claim · model-written summary
The varieties tested had little difference in their responses to these treatments.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivume0
- Outcome
- responsese1
- Qualifier
- little differencee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“direct damage to the winter wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) crop”
e1“the varieties tested had little difference in their responses to these treatments”
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