Abstract
Abstract The phytotoxicity of salts in composted sewage sludge (CSS) was evaluated. Concentrations of sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl−1), calcium (Ca2+), and magnesium (Mg2+) were present at levels that would induce salt stress in plants. Nutrient imbalances were also found that would adversely affect the use of CSS as a growth medium. To further understand the phytotoxic nature of these salts, sodium chloride (NaCl), calcium nitrate [Ca(NO3)2] and magnesium nitrate [Mg(NO3)2] solutions were used to simulate the composition of salts found in CSS in an investigation of radish (Raphanus sativus L.) seed germination. High concentrations of Ca2+ (92.1 mmol.L−1) and Mg2+ (27.4 mmol.L−1) inhibited seed germination to an equal extent as did Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1). The lower concentration of Ca2+ (10 mmol.L−1), however, significantly relieved the stress caused by NaCl. These results indicated that the composition and total amount of Na+, Cl−1, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in CSS should be carefully monitored before it is used as a soil amendment or growth medium. Keywords: sewage sludge compostsalt stressnutrient balancephytotoxicity ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work was financially supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (2006AA06Z384) and the National Key Technology R&D Program (No.2006BAD10B09 and 2006BAJ10B04).
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Claims 5
Claim · model-written summary
High calcium concentration inhibited radish seed germination.
- Taxon
- radish
Raphanus sativuse1 - Treatment
- Ca2+ (92.1 mmol.L−1)e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 92.1 mmol.L−1e0
- Comparator
- Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High concentrations of Ca2+ (92.1 mmol.L−1) and Mg2+ (27.4 mmol.L−1) inhibited seed germination to an equal extent as did Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1)”
e1“radish (Raphanus sativus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
High magnesium concentration inhibited radish seed germination equally to sodium.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Mg2+ (27.4 mmol.L−1)e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 27.4 mmol.L−1e0
- Comparator
- Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High concentrations of Ca2+ (92.1 mmol.L−1) and Mg2+ (27.4 mmol.L−1) inhibited seed germination to an equal extent as did Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1)”
e1“radish (Raphanus sativus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sodium at 40.6 mmol.L−1 inhibited radish seed germination.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1)e0
- Outcome
- seed germinatione0
- Direction
- inhibitede0
- Value
- 40.6 mmol.L−1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“High concentrations of Ca2+ (92.1 mmol.L−1) and Mg2+ (27.4 mmol.L−1) inhibited seed germination to an equal extent as did Na+ (40.6 mmol.L−1)”
e1“radish (Raphanus sativus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower calcium concentration significantly relieved NaCl stress in radish.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse1
- Treatment
- Ca2+ (10 mmol.L−1)e0
- Outcome
- stress caused by NaCle0
- Direction
- relievede0
- Value
- 10 mmol.L−1e0
- Comparator
- NaCle0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The lower concentration of Ca2+ (10 mmol.L−1), however, significantly relieved the stress caused by NaCl”
e1“radish (Raphanus sativus L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend monitoring salt composition and amount in composted sewage sludge before use as a soil amendment or growth medium.
- Taxon
- radishRaphanus sativuse1
- Outcome
- composition and total amount of Na+, Cl−1, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in CSS should be carefully monitorede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the composition and total amount of Na+, Cl−1, Ca2+, and Mg2+ in CSS should be carefully monitored before it is used as a soil amendment or growth medium”
e1“radish (Raphanus sativus L.)”
The same questions in other papers
calcium(2+) · molecular: metabolites · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
calcium(2+) · growth · Raphanus sativus (radish)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.