Abstract
Abstract Liquid anaerobically digested sewage sludge was spray‐applied on field plots of mowed and unmowed tall rescue ( Festuca arundinacea Schreb) at rates of 0, 51, and 103 m 3 /ha in mid‐September 1975. Forage samples were periodically cut to a 7‐cm height following rainfall events for 80 days, and again the following spring. The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were markedly increased by sludge spraying, with a greater increase at the higher sludge rate. The levels of Fe, Pb, and Cu in samples of healthy plants were so high (37,800 mg Fe, 140 mg Pb, and 115 mg Cu/kg dry forage) that absorption‐translocation by the roots could not have supplied them. The %‐sludge in/on the forage was calculated for each element based on the proportion of increased metal content in/on the forage to the metal content of the sludge. The %‐sludge estimates for six elements were in close agreement, confirming sludge contamination rather than metal uptake from soil. Adhering sludge was not removed by washing in 0.1% Na lauryl sulfate. Adhering sludge comprised 22 to 32% of the forage on the day of application; sludge content decreased with time but was not related to rainfall events (27 cm during 15 days following sludge application). Sludge content declined more rapidly in the mowed treatment, apparently because less forage was contaminated and rapid growth diluted contaminated forage. Sludge was no longer found in/on forage samples grown after spring mowing. Adhering sludge could increase exposure of forage consumers to heavy metals and other sludge constituents.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge spraying markedly increased six metal concentrations in forage, with a greater increase at the higher rate.
- Taxon
- Tall Fescue
Lolium arundinaceumt0 - Treatment
- sludge sprayinge0
- Outcome
- concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Nie0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- higher sludge ratee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The concentrations of Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, and Ni were markedly increased by sludge spraying, with a greater increase at the higher sludge rate”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Healthy forage had very high Fe, Pb and Cu concentrations that roots could not have supplied.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- levels of Fe, Pb, and Cue0
- Value
- 37,800 mg Fe, 140 mg Pb, and 115 mg Cu/kg dry foragee0
- Qualifier
- absorption‐translocation by the roots could not have supplied theme0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The levels of Fe, Pb, and Cu in samples of healthy plants were so high (37,800 mg Fe, 140 mg Pb, and 115 mg Cu/kg dry forage) that absorption‐translocation by the roots could not have supplied them”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Metal based estimates agreed across six elements and supported sludge contamination rather than uptake.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- %‐sludge estimatese0
- Value
- six elementse0
- Qualifier
- sludge contamination rather than metal uptake from soile0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The %‐sludge estimates for six elements were in close agreement, confirming sludge contamination rather than metal uptake from soil”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing with sodium lauryl sulfate did not remove adhering sludge.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- washing in 0.1% Na lauryl sulfatee0
- Outcome
- Adhering sludgee0
- Direction
- not removede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adhering sludge was not removed by washing in 0.1% Na lauryl sulfate”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Adhering sludge made up 22 to 32% of forage on application day.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- Adhering sludgee0
- Value
- 22 to 32%e0
- Qualifier
- on the day of applicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adhering sludge comprised 22 to 32% of the forage on the day of application”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge content decreased over time and was unrelated to rainfall events.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- sludge contente0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- not related to rainfall events (27 cm during 15 days following sludge application)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“sludge content decreased with time but was not related to rainfall events (27 cm during 15 days following sludge application)”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge content declined faster on mowed forage.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Treatment
- mowed treatmente0
- Outcome
- Sludge contente0
- Direction
- declined more rapidlye0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sludge content declined more rapidly in the mowed treatment”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
Sludge was absent from forage grown after spring mowing.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- Sludge was no longer founde0
- Qualifier
- after spring mowinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sludge was no longer found in/on forage samples grown after spring mowing”
t0“Tall Fescue”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors warned that adhering sludge could increase forage consumers’ exposure to contaminants.
- Taxon
- Tall FescueLolium arundinaceumt0
- Outcome
- exposure of forage consumers to heavy metals and other sludge constituentse0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Adhering sludge could increase exposure of forage consumers to heavy metals and other sludge constituents”
t0“Tall Fescue”
The same questions in other papers
organic · nutrient: content · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.