Abstract
Field experiments (established in autumn 1979, with monoculture barley from 1980 to 1990 and barley/wheat–canola–triticale–pea rotation from 1991 to 2008) were conducted on two contrasting soil types (Gray Luvisol [Typic Haplocryalf] loam soil at Breton; Black Chernozem [Albic Agricryoll] silty clay loam soil at Ellerslie) in north-central Alberta, Canada, to determine the influence of tillage (zero tillage and conventional tillage), straw management (straw removed [SRem] and straw retained [SRet]), and N fertilizer rate (0, 50 and 100 kg N ha−1in SRet, and only 0 kg N ha−1in SRem plots) on seed yield, straw yield, total N uptake in seed + straw (1991–2008), and N balance sheet (1980–2008). The N fertilizer urea was midrow-banded under both tillage systems in the 1991 to 2008 period. There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 under both tillage systems. On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha−1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha−1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha−1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie. Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study. The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha−1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha−1 at Ellerslie, suggesting a great potential for N loss from the soil-plant system through denitrification, and N immobilization from the soil mineral N pool. In conclusion, crop yield and N uptake were lower under zero tillage than conventional, and long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 increased seed yield under both tillage systems.
- Treatment
- increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
- Qualifier
- under both tillage systemse0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 under both tillage systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 increased straw yield under both tillage systems.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 under both tillage systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Increasing nitrogen rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 increased total nitrogen uptake in seed and straw.
- Treatment
- increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1e0
- Outcome
- total N uptake in seed + strawe0
- Direction
- increasee0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“There was a considerable increase in seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw with increasing N rate up to 100 kg N ha−1 under both tillage systems.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage increased average seed yield by 279 kg ha−1 relative to zero tillage.
- Treatment
- conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 279 kg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- zero tillagee0
- Setting
- Bretone0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha−1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha−1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha−1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage increased average straw yield by 252 kg ha−1 relative to zero tillage.
- Treatment
- conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 252 kg ha−1e0
- Comparator
- zero tillagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha−1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha−1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha−1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie.”
Claim · model-written summary
Conventional tillage increased average total nitrogen uptake by 6.0 kg N ha−1 relative to zero tillage.
- Treatment
- conventional tillagee0
- Outcome
- total N uptake in seed + strawe0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 6.0 kg N ha−1e0
- Comparator
- zero tillagee0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“On the average, conventional tillage produced greater seed yield (by 279 kg ha−1), straw yield (by 252 kg ha−1), and total N uptake in seed + straw (by 6.0 kg N ha−1) than zero tillage, but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie.”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage differences were greater at Breton than at Ellerslie.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“but the differences were greater at Breton than Ellerslie”
Claim · model-written summary
At zero nitrogen, straw retention tended to increase seed yield relative to straw removal.
- Treatment
- straw retainede0
- Outcome
- seed yielde0
- Direction
- tended to be greatere0
- Qualifier
- at the zero-N ratee0
- Comparator
- straw removal treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study.”
Claim · model-written summary
At zero nitrogen, straw retention tended to increase straw yield relative to straw removal.
- Treatment
- straw retainede0
- Outcome
- straw yielde0
- Direction
- tended to be greatere0
- Comparator
- straw removal treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study.”
Claim · model-written summary
At zero nitrogen, straw retention tended to increase total nitrogen uptake relative to straw removal.
- Treatment
- straw retainede0
- Outcome
- total N uptake in seed + strawe0
- Direction
- tended to be greatere0
- Comparator
- straw removal treatmente0
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Compared to straw removal treatment, seed yield, straw yield, and total N uptake in seed + straw tended to be greater with straw retained at the zero-N rate used in the study.”
Claim · model-written summary
Unaccounted applied nitrogen over 1980–2008 ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha−1 at Breton.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha−1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha−1 at Ellerslie”
Claim · model-written summary
Unaccounted applied nitrogen over 1980–2008 ranged from 845 to 1665 kg N ha−1 at Ellerslie.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“The amounts of applied N unaccounted for over the 1980 to 2008 period ranged from 1114 to 1846 kg N ha−1 at Breton and 845 to 1665 kg N ha−1 at Ellerslie”
Claim · model-written summary
Long-term straw retention suggests gradual improvement in soil productivity.
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“long-term retention of straw suggests some gradual improvement in soil productivity”