Abstract
The effects of amino acids on spikelet development in in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43 were studied. Single amino acids had differential effects on growth and differentiation of cultured tassels. While a few amino acids (arginine, lysine, valine, and proline) were stimulatory, most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L, to the development of "normal" spikelets and also to tassel growth. A mixture of the stimulatory amino acids at their optimal concentrations (arginine, 15 mg/L; lysine, 60 mg/L; valine, 120 mg/L; proline, 15 mg/L) produced the maximum number of "normal" spikelets, thereby duplicating the effect of an optimum concentration of casein hydrolysate.
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Claims 19
Claim · model-written summary
arginine was stimulatory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- argininee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“While a few amino acids (arginine, lysine, valine, and proline) were stimulatory”
Claim · model-written summary
lysine was stimulatory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- lysinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“While a few amino acids (arginine, lysine, valine, and proline) were stimulatory”
Claim · model-written summary
valine was stimulatory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- valinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“While a few amino acids (arginine, lysine, valine, and proline) were stimulatory”
Claim · model-written summary
proline was stimulatory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- prolinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- stimulatorye1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“While a few amino acids (arginine, lysine, valine, and proline) were stimulatory”
Claim · model-written summary
isoleucine was inhibitory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- isoleucinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
asparagine was inhibitory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- asparaginee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
tryptophan was inhibitory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- tryptophane1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
glutamic acid was inhibitory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- glutamic acide1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
alanine was inhibitory for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- alaninee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- inhibitorye1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
serine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- serinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
leucine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- leucinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
glycine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- glycinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
threonine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- threoninee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
methionine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- methioninee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
phenylalanine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- phenylalaninee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
histidine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- histidinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
aspartic acid was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- aspartic acide1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
tyrosine was ineffective for spikelet development in cultured Zea mays tassels.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- tyrosinee1
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- ineffectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a concentration of 30 mg/Le1
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e1“most of the amino acids were either ineffective (serine, leucine, glycine, threonine, methionine, phenylalanine, histidine, aspartic acid, and tyrosine) or inhibitory (isoleucine, asparagine, tryptophan, glutamic acid, and alanine), at a concentration of 30 mg/L”
Claim · model-written summary
A mixture of the stimulatory amino acids at optimal concentrations produced the maximum number of normal spikelets, duplicating the effect of optimum casein hydrolysate.
- Material
- Oh43e0
- Organ / stage
- spikeletst0
- Treatment
- A mixture of the stimulatory amino acids at their optimal concentrations (arginine, 15 mg/L; lysine, 60 mg/L; valine, 120 mg/L; proline, 15 mg/L)e3
- Outcome
- development of spikeletst0
- Direction
- maximume3
- Comparator
- casein hydrolysatee4
- Setting
- in vitroe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Effects of amino acids on the development of spikelets in cultured tassels of Zea mays”
e0“in vitro cultured tassels of Zea mays inbred line Oh43”
e3“A mixture of the stimulatory amino acids at their optimal concentrations (arginine, 15 mg/L; lysine, 60 mg/L; valine, 120 mg/L; proline, 15 mg/L) produced the maximum number of”
e4“thereby duplicating the effect of an optimum concentration of casein hydrolysate”
The same questions in other papers
proline · growth · Zea mays (maize)Results differ
12 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →lysine · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
arginine · growth · Zea mays (maize)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.