Abstract
SUMMARY Single foliar sprays of oxadixyl, mancozeb or cymoxanil alone or the mixtures oxadixyl/mancozeb and oxadixyl/cymoxanil were applied to tomato plants (cv. Baby) one day before inoculating with a sensitive or a phenylamide‐resistant strain of Phytophthora infestans. Fungicide mixtures were far more effective in controlling both sensitive and resistant strains compared to the individual components alone, representing significant levels of synergistic interactions. When analysed by the Abbott method, synergy ratios continuously decreased with increasing amounts of fungicides in the mixture. All fungicide mixtures showed higher synergy ratios against resistant strains when using the Abbott method, whereas only mixtures containing cymoxanil showed this phenomenon when using the Wadley method for interpretation of interactions. Synergism significantly decreased when the components were used as foliar split applications with intervals of 48 and 72 h. A combination of a drench application of oxadixyl and a single spray application of mancozeb or cymoxanil resulted in a high level of synergism. The explanation of synergism may be that the exposure of sporangia to sublethal concentrations of one fungicide affects them to an extent that sublethal doses of the other fungicide becomes detrimental.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fungicide mixtures controlled sensitive and resistant Phytophthora infestans strains more effectively than individual components.
- Taxon
- tomato plants
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Treatment
- Fungicide mixturese0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestans
Phytophthora infestanse2pathogen - Outcome
- controlling both sensitive and resistant strainse0
- Direction
- far more effectivee0
- Comparator
- individual components alonee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Fungicide mixtures were far more effective in controlling both sensitive and resistant strains compared to the individual components alone, representing significant levels of synergistic interactions.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
e2“strain of Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Abbott synergy ratios fell as fungicide amounts in mixtures increased.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- increasing amounts of fungicides in the mixturee0
- Outcome
- synergy ratiose0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Qualifier
- Abbott methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When analysed by the Abbott method, synergy ratios continuously decreased with increasing amounts of fungicides in the mixture.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
Claim · model-written summary
By the Abbott method, all mixtures had higher synergy ratios against resistant strains.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- All fungicide mixturese0
- Outcome
- synergy ratios against resistant strainse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Abbott methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fungicide mixtures showed higher synergy ratios against resistant strains when using the Abbott method, whereas only mixtures containing cymoxanil showed this phenomenon when using the Wadley method for interpretation of interactions.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
Claim · model-written summary
By the Wadley method, only cymoxanil-containing mixtures had higher synergy ratios against resistant strains.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- mixtures containing cymoxanile0
- Outcome
- synergy ratios against resistant strainse0
- Direction
- highere0
- Qualifier
- Wadley methode0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“All fungicide mixtures showed higher synergy ratios against resistant strains when using the Abbott method, whereas only mixtures containing cymoxanil showed this phenomenon when using the Wadley method for interpretation of interactions.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
Claim · model-written summary
Splitting foliar applications by 48 or 72 hours significantly reduced synergism.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- foliar split applications with intervals of 48 and 72 he0
- Interactor
- Phytophthora infestansPhytophthora infestanse2pathogen
- Outcome
- Synergisme0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Synergism significantly decreased when the components were used as foliar split applications with intervals of 48 and 72 h.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
e2“strain of Phytophthora infestans”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadixyl drench combined with mancozeb spray produced high synergism.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- a drench application of oxadixyl and a single spray application of mancozebe0
- Outcome
- synergisme0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of a drench application of oxadixyl and a single spray application of mancozeb or cymoxanil resulted in a high level of synergism.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxadixyl drench combined with cymoxanil spray produced high synergism.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- cymoxanile0
- Outcome
- synergisme0
- Direction
- highe0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A combination of a drench application of oxadixyl and a single spray application of mancozeb or cymoxanil resulted in a high level of synergism.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sublethal exposure to one fungicide may sensitize sporangia to the other.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- sublethal concentrations of one fungicidee0
- Outcome
- sporangiae0
- Qualifier
- sublethal doses of the other fungicide becomes detrimentale0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The explanation of synergism may be that the exposure of sporangia to sublethal concentrations of one fungicide affects them to an extent that sublethal doses of the other fungicide becomes detrimental.”
e1“tomato plants (cv. Baby)”
The same questions in other papers
fungicide · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
7 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- negative
- positive
6 papers more in this group
See all 10 papers →application · Phytophthora infestans · Solanum lycopersicum (tomato)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
7 papers more in this group
See all 11 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.