Abstract
Immune responses and DNA damage repair are two fundamental processes that have been characterized extensively, but the links between them remain largely unknown. We report that multiple bacterial, fungal and oomycete plant pathogen species induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) in host plant DNA. DNA damage detected by histone γ-H2AX abundance or DNA comet assays arose hours before the disease-associated necrosis caused by virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato. Necrosis-inducing paraquat did not cause detectable DSBs at similar stages after application. Non-pathogenic E. coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria also did not induce DSBs. Elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is common during plant immune responses, ROS are known DNA damaging agents, and the infection-induced host ROS burst has been implicated as a cause of host DNA damage in animal studies. However, we found that DSB formation in Arabidopsis in response to P. syringae infection still occurs in the absence of the infection-associated oxidative burst mediated by AtrbohD and AtrbohF. Plant MAMP receptor stimulation or application of defense-activating salicylic acid or jasmonic acid failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens, further suggesting that pathogen activities beyond host defense activation cause infection-induced DNA damage. The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by salicylic acid and NPR1-mediated defenses, and by certain R gene-mediated defenses. Infection-induced formation of γ-H2AX still occurred in Arabidopsis atr/atm double mutants, suggesting the presence of an alternative mediator of pathogen-induced H2AX phosphorylation. In summary, pathogenic microorganisms can induce plant DNA damage. Plant defense mechanisms help to suppress rather than promote this damage, thereby contributing to the maintenance of genome integrity in somatic tissues.
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Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
Multiple bacterial, fungal and oomycete plant pathogen species induce double-strand breaks in host plant DNA.
- Taxon
- host plante0
- Treatment
- multiple bacterial, fungal and oomycete plant pathogen speciese0
- Interactor
- plant pathogen speciese0pathogen
- Outcome
- double-strand breaks (DSBs)e0
- Direction
- inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“multiple bacterial, fungal and oomycete plant pathogen species induce double-strand breaks (DSBs) in host plant DNA”
Claim · model-written summary
DNA damage, detected by histone gamma-H2AX abundance or comet assays, arose hours before the disease-associated necrosis caused by virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato.
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe0pathogen - Outcome
- DNA damagee0
- Qualifier
- hours before the disease-associated necrosise0
Not reportedTaxon
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DNA damage detected by histone γ-H2AX abundance or DNA comet assays arose hours before the disease-associated necrosis caused by virulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
Necrosis-inducing paraquat did not cause detectable DSBs at stages similar to those of pathogen infection.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Necrosis-inducing paraquat did not cause detectable DSBs at similar stages after application”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-pathogenic E. coli did not induce DSBs.
- Treatment
- Non-pathogenic E. colie0
- Interactor
- E. coli
.jpg?width=60)
Escherichia colie0other - Outcome
- DSBse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Non-pathogenic E. coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria also did not induce DSBs”
Claim · model-written summary
Non-pathogenic Pseudomonas fluorescens did not induce DSBs.
- Treatment
- Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteriae0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas fluorescens
.JPG?width=60)
Pseudomonas fluorescense0other - Outcome
- DSBse0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.JPG?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Non-pathogenic E. coli and Pseudomonas fluorescens bacteria also did not induce DSBs”
Claim · model-written summary
DSB formation in Arabidopsis in response to P. syringae infection still occurred without the infection-associated oxidative burst mediated by AtrbohD and AtrbohF.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis
Arabidopsise0 - Treatment
- P. syringae infectione0
- Interactor
- P. syringaePseudomonas syringaee0pathogen
- Gene
- AtrbohD and AtrbohFe0
- Outcome
- DSB formatione0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“DSB formation in Arabidopsis in response to P. syringae infection still occurs in the absence of the infection-associated oxidative burst mediated by AtrbohD and AtrbohF”
Claim · model-written summary
Plant MAMP receptor stimulation failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plant MAMP receptor stimulation or application of defense-activating salicylic acid or jasmonic acid failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of defense-activating salicylic acid failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plant MAMP receptor stimulation or application of defense-activating salicylic acid or jasmonic acid failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of defense-activating jasmonic acid failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“Plant MAMP receptor stimulation or application of defense-activating salicylic acid or jasmonic acid failed to induce a detectable level of DSBs in the absence of introduced pathogens”
Claim · model-written summary
The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by salicylic acid.
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by salicylic acid and NPR1-mediated defenses, and by certain R gene-mediated defenses”
Claim · model-written summary
The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by NPR1-mediated defenses.
- Treatment
- NPR1-mediated defensese0
- Gene
- NPR1e0
- Outcome
- abundance of infection-induced DSBse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by salicylic acid and NPR1-mediated defenses, and by certain R gene-mediated defenses”
Claim · model-written summary
The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by certain R gene-mediated defenses.
- Treatment
- certain R gene-mediated defensese0
- Outcome
- abundance of infection-induced DSBse0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedTaxonComparator
Verbatim
e0“The abundance of infection-induced DSBs was reduced by salicylic acid and NPR1-mediated defenses, and by certain R gene-mediated defenses”
Claim · model-written summary
Infection-induced formation of gamma-H2AX still occurred in Arabidopsis atr/atm double mutants.
- Taxon
- ArabidopsisArabidopsise0
- Material
- atr/atm double mutantse0
- Treatment
- Infectione0
- Outcome
- formation of γ-H2AXe0
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Infection-induced formation of γ-H2AX still occurred in Arabidopsis atr/atm double mutants”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · pest · ArabidopsisPositive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.