Abstract
Abstract Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is a major weed in crops that follow sunflower. This research measured the population density of volunteer sunflower and performance of annual canarygrass ( Phalaris canariensis L.) and fieldbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.) following tillage treatments of moldboard plowing, chisel plowing, rototilling, or zero tillage repeated on the same plots for 5 yr. Tillage plots, on Typic Hapludoll soil at Rosemount, MN, were divided into subplots of annual canarygrass planted between 26 March and 30 April and fieldbean planted between 21 and 25 May. Less than 1% of the volunteer sunflower achenes survived more than 1 yr in the soil, but tillage and planting date determined whether sunflower remained an important weed for 0,1, 2, or 3 yr. Sunflower was a major weed the first year after sunflower; however, the problem could be avoided by planting after mid‐June in soil not tilled in the fall. Moldboard plowing, which buried 82% of the achenes over 10 cm deep, gave the best but not adequate control the first year. Zero tillage or chisel plowing in the spring eliminated sunflower as an important weed after 1 yr, regardless of planting date. Chisel plowing in the fall or moldboard plowing in the spring tended to prolong the sunflower problem beyond 2 yr. Weed control in both crops was poorest following zero tillage. Moldboard or chisel plowing in the spring resulted in highest average yields of fieldbean. Highest yields of canarygrass followed moldboard plowing.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Less than 1% of volunteer sunflower achenes survived more than one year in the soil
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuus
Helianthus annuuse0 - Outcome
- volunteer sunflower achenese1
- Value
- Less than 1%e1
- Qualifier
- survived more than 1 yr in the soile1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is a major weed in crops that follow sunflower”
e1“Less than 1% of the volunteer sunflower achenes survived more than 1 yr in the soil”
Claim · model-written summary
Tillage and planting date determined whether sunflower remained an important weed for 0 to 3 years
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse2
- Treatment
- tillage and planting datee2
- Outcome
- remained an important weede2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“tillage and planting date determined whether sunflower remained an important weed for 0,1, 2, or 3 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Sunflower was a major weed in the first year after a sunflower crop
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse3
- Outcome
- a major weede3
- Qualifier
- the first year after sunflowere3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Sunflower was a major weed the first year after sunflower; however, the problem could be avoided by planting after mid‐June in soil not tilled in the fall”
Claim · model-written summary
Planting after mid-June in soil not tilled in the fall could avoid the sunflower problem in the first year
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse3
- Treatment
- planting after mid‐June in soil not tilled in the falle3
- Outcome
- the probleme3
- Direction
- avoidede3
- Qualifier
- could be avoidede3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Sunflower was a major weed the first year after sunflower; however, the problem could be avoided by planting after mid‐June in soil not tilled in the fall”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plowing buried 82% of sunflower achenes deeper than 10 cm
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Moldboard plowinge4
- Outcome
- achenese4
- Direction
- buriede4
- Value
- 82%e4
- Qualifier
- over 10 cm deepe4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is a major weed in crops that follow sunflower”
e4“Moldboard plowing, which buried 82% of the achenes over 10 cm deep, gave the best but not adequate control the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plowing gave the best but not adequate sunflower control in the first year
- Taxon
- Helianthus annuusHelianthus annuuse0
- Treatment
- Moldboard plowinge4
- Outcome
- controle4
- Direction
- beste4
- Qualifier
- but not adequatee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) is a major weed in crops that follow sunflower”
e4“Moldboard plowing, which buried 82% of the achenes over 10 cm deep, gave the best but not adequate control the first year”
Claim · model-written summary
Zero tillage or spring chisel plowing eliminated sunflower as an important weed after one year, regardless of planting date
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse5
- Treatment
- Zero tillage or chisel plowing in the springe5
- Outcome
- sunflower as an important weede5
- Direction
- eliminatede5
- Qualifier
- after 1 yr, regardless of planting datee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Zero tillage or chisel plowing in the spring eliminated sunflower as an important weed after 1 yr, regardless of planting date”
Claim · model-written summary
Fall chisel plowing or spring moldboard plowing tended to prolong the sunflower problem beyond two years
- Taxon
- sunflowerHelianthus annuuse6
- Treatment
- Chisel plowing in the fall or moldboard plowing in the springe6
- Outcome
- the sunflower probleme6
- Direction
- prolonge6
- Qualifier
- beyond 2 yre6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Chisel plowing in the fall or moldboard plowing in the spring tended to prolong the sunflower problem beyond 2 yr”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control in annual canarygrass was poorest following zero tillage
- Taxon
- annual canarygrasse1
- Treatment
- zero tillagee7
- Outcome
- Weed controle7
- Direction
- pooreste7
- Qualifier
- in both cropse7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Weed control in both crops was poorest following zero tillage”
e1“annual canarygrass ( Phalaris canariensis L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Weed control in fieldbean was poorest following zero tillage
- Taxon
- fieldbeane1
- Treatment
- zero tillagee7
- Outcome
- Weed controle7
- Direction
- pooreste7
- Qualifier
- in both cropse7
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e7“Weed control in both crops was poorest following zero tillage”
e1“fieldbean ( Phaseolus vulgaris L.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard or spring chisel plowing gave the highest average yields of fieldbean
- Taxon
- fieldbeane0
- Treatment
- Moldboard or chisel plowing in the springe0
- Outcome
- average yieldse0
- Direction
- higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Moldboard or chisel plowing in the spring resulted in highest average yields of fieldbean”
Claim · model-written summary
Moldboard plowing gave the highest yields of annual canarygrass
- Taxon
- canarygrass
Phalaris aquaticae0 - Treatment
- moldboard plowinge0
- Outcome
- yieldse0
- Direction
- Higheste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Highest yields of canarygrass followed moldboard plowing”
The same questions in other papers
tillage · physiology: photosynthesis · Helianthus annuus (common sunflower)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
tillage · yield · Phalaris aquatica (canary grass)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.