Abstract
Botrytis cinerea, the causal agent of gray mold disease, is one of the most important pathogens of strawberry. Its control in commercial strawberry fields is largely dependent on the application of fungicides during bloom and fruit maturation. The hydroxyanilide fenhexamid is one of the most frequently used fungicides in the southeast of the United States for gray mold control. It inhibits the 3-ketoreductase (Erg27) of the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and, due to this site-specific mode of action, is at risk for resistance development. Single-spore isolates were collected from 11 commercial strawberry fields in North and South Carolina and subjected to a conidial germination assay that distinguished sensitive from resistant phenotypes. Of the 214 isolates collected, 16.8% were resistant to fenhexamid. Resistance was found in three of four locations from North Carolina and in four of seven locations from South Carolina, indicating that resistance was widespread. Mutations in Erg27 (T63I, F412S, F412C, and F412I) were associated with resistance, with F412S the predominant and most widespread mutation. In this study, mutations T63I and F412C in field isolates of B. cinerea are described for the first time. Detached fruit studies showed that field rates of Elevate 50 WDG (fenhexamid) controlled sensitive but not resistant isolates carrying any of the four mutations. Resistant isolates produced the same lesion size and number of sporulating lesions on fruit sprayed with Elevate 50 WDG as on untreated controls, showing the fungicide's loss of efficacy against those isolates. A rapid polymerase chain reaction method was developed to quickly and reliably distinguish isolates sensitive or resistant to fenhexamid in the Carolinas and to determine the mutation associated with resistance. The presence of fenhexamid-resistant strains in B. cinerea from strawberry fields in the Carolinas must be considered in future resistance management practices for sustained gray mold control.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 13
Claim · model-written summary
16.8% of strawberry field isolates resisted fenhexamid.
- Taxon
- Strawberry
_single2.jpg?width=60)
Fragaria ×ananassat0 - Interactor
- Botrytis cinerea
Botrytis cinereat1pathogen - Outcome
- isolates collected, 16.8% were resistant to fenhexamide0
- Value
- 16.8%e0
- Qualifier
- 214 isolatese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_single2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Of the 214 isolates collected, 16.8% were resistant to fenhexamid.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance occurred at three of four North Carolina locations.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistancee0
- Value
- three of four locationse0
- Setting
- North Carolinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance was found in three of four locations from North Carolina and in four of seven locations from South Carolina, indicating that resistance was widespread.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance occurred at four of seven South Carolina locations.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- Resistancee0
- Value
- four of seven locationse0
- Setting
- South Carolinae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance was found in three of four locations from North Carolina and in four of seven locations from South Carolina, indicating that resistance was widespread.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Four Erg27 mutations were associated with resistance.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Gene
- Erg27e0
- Outcome
- resistancee0
- Qualifier
- T63I, F412S, F412C, and F412Ie0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutations in Erg27 (T63I, F412S, F412C, and F412I) were associated with resistance, with F412S the predominant and most widespread mutation.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
F412S was the predominant and most widespread resistance mutation.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Gene
- F412Se0
- Outcome
- predominant and most widespread mutatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Mutations in Erg27 (T63I, F412S, F412C, and F412I) were associated with resistance, with F412S the predominant and most widespread mutation.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
T63I was newly described in field isolates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Gene
- T63Ie0
- Outcome
- described for the first timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutations T63I and F412C in field isolates of B. cinerea are described for the first time.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
F412C was newly described in field isolates.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Gene
- F412Ce0
- Outcome
- described for the first timee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“mutations T63I and F412C in field isolates of B. cinerea are described for the first time.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenhexamid controlled sensitive isolates on detached fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- field rates of Elevate 50 WDG (fenhexamid)e0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- sensitivee0
- Direction
- controllede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Detached fruit studies showed that field rates of Elevate 50 WDG (fenhexamid) controlled sensitive but not resistant isolates carrying any of the four mutations.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Fenhexamid did not control resistant isolates on detached fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- field rates of Elevate 50 WDG (fenhexamid)e0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- resistant isolatese0
- Direction
- note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Detached fruit studies showed that field rates of Elevate 50 WDG (fenhexamid) controlled sensitive but not resistant isolates carrying any of the four mutations.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant isolates had the same lesion size on treated and untreated fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- fruit sprayed with Elevate 50 WDGe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- lesion sizee0
- Direction
- samee0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistant isolates produced the same lesion size and number of sporulating lesions on fruit sprayed with Elevate 50 WDG as on untreated controls”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistant isolates had the same number of sporulating lesions on treated and untreated fruit.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Treatment
- fruit sprayed with Elevate 50 WDGe0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- number of sporulating lesionse0
- Direction
- samee0
- Comparator
- untreated controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistant isolates produced the same lesion size and number of sporulating lesions on fruit sprayed with Elevate 50 WDG as on untreated controls”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
A PCR method distinguished sensitive from resistant isolates and identified resistance mutations.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- distinguish isolates sensitive or resistant to fenhexamide0
- Qualifier
- quickly and reliablye0
- Comparator
- sensitive or resistante0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“A rapid polymerase chain reaction method was developed to quickly and reliably distinguish isolates sensitive or resistant to fenhexamid in the Carolinas and to determine the mutation associated with resistance.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
Claim · model-written summary
Future strawberry gray mold management should consider fenhexamid-resistant strains.
- Taxon
- StrawberryFragaria ×ananassat0
- Interactor
- Botrytis cinereaBotrytis cinereat1pathogen
- Outcome
- considered in future resistance management practicese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The presence of fenhexamid-resistant strains in B. cinerea from strawberry fields in the Carolinas must be considered in future resistance management practices for sustained gray mold control.”
t0“Strawberry Fields in the Carolinas”
t1“Botrytis cinerea from Strawberry Fields”
The same questions in other papers
fenhexamid · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
5 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- positive
3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →application · Botrytis cinerea · Fragaria x ananassa (strawberry)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 10 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
9 papers more in this group
See all 13 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.