Abstract
SUMMARY We studied hemiparasitism in Okoubaka aubrevillei Pellegr. & Normand (Santalaceae), an uncommon West African rainforest tree of widespread distribution (Ivory Coast to Zaire) which attains heights of up to 40 m. It has a very large seed (mean fresh mass of 101 g), and slow accumulation of biomass characteristic of seedlings of shade‐tolerant rainforest trees. O. aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic within 6 months when grown next to seedlings of the tree species Entandrophragma angolense (Wei.) DC., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen, Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum., and Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex Chev. P. macrocarpa , and the nitrogen‐fixing legume, P. elata were most infected. Characteristically for hemiparasites, midday leaf water potentials in O. aubrevillei were at – 2 MPa lower than those of the host seedlings. Stomatal conductance, however, was low, with a maximum of 111 mmol m 2 s ‐1 . After 1 yr, no significant effects of the hemiparasitism were observed on the growth of O. aubrevillei or on its nutrient status as measured by foliar element concentrations. By contrast, the two most infected host species showed increased mortality and/or reduced growth. Foliar element concentrations were not, however, affected in host plants of the surviving species. Although the resources of a large seed might enable seedlings of O. aubrevillei to grow independently from hosts for prolonged periods, their simultaneous strong effect on the mortality and growth of host seedlings might point to an alternative competitive function of hemiparasitism.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
Okoubaka aubrevillei has seeds averaging 101 g fresh mass.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevillei
Okoubaka aubrevilleie0 - Outcome
- seede0
- Value
- 101 ge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We studied hemiparasitism in Okoubaka aubrevillei Pellegr. & Normand (Santalaceae), an uncommon West African rainforest tree of widespread distribution (Ivory Coast to Zaire) which attains heights of up to 40 m. It has a very large seed (mean fresh mass of 101 g)”
Claim · model-written summary
Okoubaka aubrevillei seedlings accumulated biomass slowly.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- accumulation of biomasse0
- Direction
- slowe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“slow accumulation of biomass characteristic of seedlings of shade‐tolerant rainforest trees.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Okoubaka aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic within six months beside Entandrophragma angolense seedlings.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Interactor
- Entandrophragma angolenseEntandrophragma angolensee0host
- Outcome
- became hemiparasitice0
- Value
- 6 monthse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic within 6 months when grown next to seedlings of the tree species Entandrophragma angolense (Wei.) DC., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen, Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum., and Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex Chev.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Okoubaka aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic beside Pericopsis elata seedlings.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Interactor
- Pericopsis elata
.jpg?width=60)
Pericopsis elatae0host - Outcome
- became hemiparasitice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“O. aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic within 6 months when grown next to seedlings of the tree species Entandrophragma angolense (Wei.) DC., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen, Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum., and Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex Chev.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Okoubaka aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic beside Pterygota macrocarpa seedlings.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Interactor
- Pterygota macrocarpaPterygota macrocarpae0host
- Outcome
- became hemiparasitice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic within 6 months when grown next to seedlings of the tree species Entandrophragma angolense (Wei.) DC., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen, Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum., and Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex Chev.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Okoubaka aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic beside Tieghemella heckelii seedlings.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Interactor
- Tieghemella heckelii
Tieghemella heckeliie0host - Outcome
- became hemiparasitice0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“O. aubrevillei seedlings became hemiparasitic within 6 months when grown next to seedlings of the tree species Entandrophragma angolense (Wei.) DC., Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen, Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum., and Tieghemella heckelii Pierre ex Chev.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Pterygota macrocarpa was among the most infected hosts.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Interactor
- Pterygota macrocarpaPterygota macrocarpae1host
- Outcome
- most infectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. macrocarpa , and the nitrogen‐fixing legume, P. elata were most infected.”
e1“Pterygota macrocarpa K. Schum.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Pericopsis elata was among the most infected hosts.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Interactor
- Pericopsis elataPericopsis elatae1host
- Outcome
- most infectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“P. macrocarpa , and the nitrogen‐fixing legume, P. elata were most infected.”
e1“Pericopsis elata (Harms) Van Meeuwen”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Midday leaf water potential of Okoubaka aubrevillei was at least 2 MPa lower than that of host seedlings.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- midday leaf water potentialse0
- Direction
- lowere0
- Value
- 2 MPae0
- Comparator
- host seedlingse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“midday leaf water potentials in O. aubrevillei were at – 2 MPa lower than those of the host seedlings.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Stomatal conductance was low, reaching a maximum of 111 mmol m 2 s ‐1.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- Stomatal conductancee0
- Direction
- lowe0
- Value
- 111 mmol m 2 s ‐1e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Stomatal conductance, however, was low, with a maximum of 111 mmol m 2 s ‐1 .”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
After one year hemiparasitism had no significant effect on Okoubaka aubrevillei growth.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- growth of O. aubrevilleie0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
- Value
- 1 yre0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 1 yr, no significant effects of the hemiparasitism were observed on the growth of O. aubrevillei or on its nutrient status as measured by foliar element concentrations.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
After one year hemiparasitism had no significant effect on Okoubaka aubrevillei nutrient status.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- nutrient status as measured by foliar element concentrationse0
- Direction
- no significant effectse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“After 1 yr, no significant effects of the hemiparasitism were observed on the growth of O. aubrevillei or on its nutrient status as measured by foliar element concentrations.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
The two most infected host species showed increased mortality or reduced growth.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- increased mortality and/or reduced growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the two most infected host species showed increased mortality and/or reduced growth.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliar element concentrations were unaffected in surviving host plants.
- Taxon
- Okoubaka aubrevilleiOkoubaka aubrevilleit0
- Outcome
- Foliar element concentrationse0
- Direction
- not, however, affectede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Foliar element concentrations were not, however, affected in host plants of the surviving species.”
t0“Okoubaka aubrevillei”