Abstract
Previous studies have shown that insects commonly consume more when fed leaf tissue grown under CO2 enrichment, but with few negative effects on growth. However, lepidopteran larvae fed tissue infected with Balansiae fungal endophytes (which produce toxic alkaloids) typically eat less but also suffer negative effects on growth and survival. This study was carried out to understand how these 2 factors may interact to affect larval consumption and growth in fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda. (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Infected and uninfected ramets of a single genotype of tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb., were grown under CO2 concentrations of 400 and 700 μl CO2/liter of air. Relative consumption of leaf tissue by larvae was 32% greater in the high CO2 treatment compared with leaves grown under low CO2 concentrations, but was not influenced by infection. As expected, larvae had significantly decreased relative growth rates when fed infected tissue, with their growth rates somewhat increased under high CO2 levels. Increased CO2 level and infection both led to significantly reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested food. These 2 factors also interacted so that the lowest efficiency of conversion of ingested food was seen when both infection and an enriched atmospheric CO2 environment were present. As global atmospheric CO2 levels continue to increase, it appears that fungal endophytes will continue to be important in turfgrasses as protection against insect herbivores and may lead to increased fitness for infected plant genotypes.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Fall armyworm larvae consumed 32% more fescue leaf tissue grown at high CO2 than low CO2.
- Taxon
- tall fescue
Lolium arundinaceume0 - Treatment
- high CO2 treatmente1
- Interactor
- larvaee1herbivore
- Outcome
- consumption of leaf tissue by larvaee1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- 32%e1
- Comparator
- low CO2 concentrationse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“Relative consumption of leaf tissue by larvae was 32% greater in the high CO2 treatment compared with leaves grown under low CO2 concentrations”
Claim · model-written summary
Fungal infection did not influence relative larval consumption.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- infectione1
- Interactor
- larvaee2herbivore
- Outcome
- Relative consumption of leaf tissue by larvaee2
- Direction
- not influencede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“but was not influenced by infection”
e2“Relative consumption of leaf tissue by larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
Larvae fed infected fescue tissue had significantly lower relative growth rates.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- infected tissuee1
- Interactor
- larvaee1herbivore
- Outcome
- relative growth ratese1
- Direction
- decreasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“larvae had significantly decreased relative growth rates when fed infected tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Larval growth rates were somewhat higher with elevated CO2.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- high CO2 levelse1
- Interactor
- larvaee2herbivore
- Outcome
- growth ratese1
- Direction
- increasede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“their growth rates somewhat increased under high CO2 levels”
e2“larvae had significantly decreased relative growth rates when fed infected tissue”
Claim · model-written summary
Elevated CO2 significantly reduced the larval efficiency of converting ingested food.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- Increased CO2 levele1
- Outcome
- efficiency of conversion of ingested foode1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“Increased CO2 level and infection both led to significantly reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested food.”
Claim · model-written summary
Endophyte infection significantly reduced the larval efficiency of converting ingested food.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- infectione1
- Outcome
- efficiency of conversion of ingested foode1
- Direction
- reducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“Increased CO2 level and infection both led to significantly reduced efficiency of conversion of ingested food.”
Claim · model-written summary
Combined infection and CO2 enrichment produced the lowest larval food conversion efficiency.
- Taxon
- tall fescueLolium arundinaceume0
- Treatment
- both infection and an enriched atmospheric CO2 environmente1
- Outcome
- lowest efficiency of conversion of ingested foode1
- Direction
- loweste1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“tall fescue, Festuca arundinacea Schreb.”
e1“the lowest efficiency of conversion of ingested food was seen when both infection and an enriched atmospheric CO2 environment were present.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors anticipate endophytes will remain important for turfgrass protection from insect herbivores as CO2 rises.
Verbatim
e0“fungal endophytes will continue to be important in turfgrasses as protection against insect herbivores and may lead to increased fitness for infected plant genotypes.”
The same questions in other papers
co2 · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Results differ
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 6 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
5 papers more in this group
See all 9 papers →infection · growth · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
1 paper in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- negative
- positive
infection · pest · Lolium arundinaceum (tall fescue)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- positive
- no effect
- no effect
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.