Abstract
SYNOPSIS (1) There are certain restricted limits of time within which crops must be planted for best results, defined by the temperature conditions of the locality. The length of the time period within which the planting of a given crop may be accomplished decreases in general with increase in latitude. (2) A definite amount of heat is required after planting to bring a crop to maturity; as a rough measure of this the accumulated day-degrees of temperature above the mean temperature at which planting is accomplished, may be taken. As thus computed there is very little difference in the amount of heat necessary to mature most staple spring planted crops, when the average variety of corn is considered. It is suggested that the mean temperature at which the planting of a given crop can be accomplished be used as a base, or starting point, for any method that may be employed for temperature summation, instead of a general base for all crops. If the frequently used 6° C. base be employed in the case of cotton, for example, we would begin the reckoning of effective temperature in the vicinity of Abilene, Tex., about three months before planting can begin, with a resulting indicated large accumulation of effective temperature before any growth is possible. (3) Spring wheat seeding begin with a lower mean temperature than any other major spring crop. Seeding usually begins in the Dakotas and in Nebraska when the normal daily temperature rises to 37° (F.) and in Minnesota and Wisconsin when −10° (F.) is reached. Next in thermal order comes spring oats, the seeding of which usually begins when the normal daily temperature rises to −13° (F.) (corresponding to the advent of the vegetative period). Early potato planting begins as a rule when the normal daily temperature rises to 45° (F.), and corn when 55° (F.) is reached. The dates on which the later is spring. Cotton planting usually does not begin until the normal daily temperature rises about 62° (F.). The dates on which this temperature is reached correspond closely to the latest dates in spring on which killing frost as occurred. (4) Cotton and corn are warm-weather crops and the areas in which successful production on a commercial scale can be accomplished are limited principally by both the general temperature conditions and the temperature at which planting may be accomplished. These limits are defined by an available thermal constant of about 1,600° (F.) for corn and about 2,000° (F.) cotton, computed from the normal temperature when planting usually begins. Its follows that if cotton could be planted with as low temperatures as corn planting is accomplished, the cotton area would be materially increased. (5) Owing to the relatively large thermal requirements of corn and cotton, a comparatively warm spring is necessary for best results of germination and early growth. Thus there is a close relation between the spring temperatures and the conditions of these crops to certain dates in the early stages of growth.
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Claims 14
Claim · model-written summary
The viable planting period generally decreases with increasing latitude.
Verbatim
e0“The length of the time period within which the planting of a given crop may be accomplished decreases in general with increase in latitude.”
Claim · model-written summary
Most staple spring planted crops need very similar accumulated heat to mature when average corn variety is considered.
Verbatim
e0“As thus computed there is very little difference in the amount of heat necessary to mature most staple spring planted crops, when the average variety of corn is considered.”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend crop-specific planting temperature as the base for temperature summation.
Verbatim
e0“It is suggested that the mean temperature at which the planting of a given crop can be accomplished be used as a base, or starting point, for any method that may be employed for temperature summation, instead of a general base for all crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Using a 6°C base for cotton at Abilene would count roughly three months of heat before planting is possible.
- Taxon
- cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Outcome
- reckoning of effective temperaturee0
- Value
- three monthse0
- Setting
- Abilene, Tex.e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“If the frequently used 6° C. base be employed in the case of cotton, for example, we would begin the reckoning of effective temperature in the vicinity of Abilene, Tex., about three months before planting can begin”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring wheat seeding begins at a lower mean temperature than other major spring crops.
- Taxon
- Spring wheat
Triticum aestivume0 - Outcome
- mean temperaturee0
- Direction
- lowere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Spring wheat seeding begin with a lower mean temperature than any other major spring crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring wheat seeding begins at 37°F in the Dakotas and Nebraska.
- Taxon
- Spring wheatTriticum aestivume1
- Outcome
- normal daily temperaturee0
- Value
- 37° (F.)e0
- Setting
- Dakotase0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Seeding usually begins in the Dakotas and in Nebraska when the normal daily temperature rises to 37° (F.)”
e1“Spring wheat seeding begin with a lower mean temperature than any other major spring crop.”
Claim · model-written summary
Spring oats seeding begins at a normal daily temperature of −13°F.
- Taxon
- spring oats
Avena sativae0 - Outcome
- normal daily temperaturee0
- Value
- −13° (F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“spring oats, the seeding of which usually begins when the normal daily temperature rises to −13° (F.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Early potato planting generally begins at 45°F.
- Taxon
- potato
Solanum tuberosume0 - Outcome
- normal daily temperaturee0
- Value
- 45° (F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Early potato planting begins as a rule when the normal daily temperature rises to 45° (F.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn planting begins at 55°F.
- Taxon
- corn
Zea mays subsp. mayse0 - Outcome
- 55° (F.)e0
- Value
- 55° (F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“corn when 55° (F.) is reached.”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton planting generally begins at about 62°F.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- normal daily temperaturee0
- Value
- 62° (F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton planting usually does not begin until the normal daily temperature rises about 62° (F.).”
Claim · model-written summary
The available thermal constant for corn is about 1,600°F.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- available thermal constante0
- Value
- 1,600° (F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These limits are defined by an available thermal constant of about 1,600° (F.) for corn and about 2,000° (F.) cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
The available thermal constant for cotton is about 2,000°F.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- available thermal constante0
- Value
- 2,000° (F.)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“These limits are defined by an available thermal constant of about 1,600° (F.) for corn and about 2,000° (F.) cotton”
Claim · model-written summary
Lowering cotton planting temperature to the corn threshold would materially enlarge the cotton production area.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Outcome
- cotton areae0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- corn plantinge0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“if cotton could be planted with as low temperatures as corn planting is accomplished, the cotton area would be materially increased.”
Claim · model-written summary
Corn and cotton need a comparatively warm spring for best germination and early growth.
- Taxon
- cornZea mays subsp. mayse0
- Outcome
- germination and early growthe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Owing to the relatively large thermal requirements of corn and cotton, a comparatively warm spring is necessary for best results of germination and early growth.”