Abstract
1. An apparatus was set up, with which sprays of different droplet size could be applied at desired volume rates on plants for the purpose of determining the effect of growth-regulating compounds applied as herbicides. 2. Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants. Rates of 40-100 ml. per square yard were less effective, and there was a progressive decrease in magnitude of response as the volume was reduced below 10 ml. per square yard. 3. Further studies were made on sprays applied at the low rates of 8, 6, 4, and 2 ml. per square yard. It was shown that, as the volume was reduced, a progressively larger amount of growth-inhibiting substance was required to kill young soybean plants. Twenty mg. of compound per square yard was needed at the 8-ml. per square yard volume rate and at least 60 mg. per square yard (3 per cent concentration) at the 2-ml. per square yard rate. 4. Sprays of relatively large-droplet size (561-250 μ av. diam.) were more effective than those of smaller-droplet size (30 μ av. diam.). 5. The investigations on interception showed that more solution was deposited and retained on a plant when sprays of larger-droplet size were used. There was also an indication that a higher percentage of the spray was intercepted and retained when applied at volume rates of 10-20-ml. per square yard than in smaller or larger volumes. 6. For most efficient use of growth- regulating compounds, they should be applied in sprays devoid of finely atomized particles and in volumes of 10-20 ml. per square yard rather than at saturation levels of about 100 ml. per square yard. Rates below 10 ml. per square yard, while less efficient in terms of amount of compound required, are of interest. The fact that growth inhibitors can be effective when applied in such low volumes opens up new fields for large scale practical application of herbicides.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous 2,4-D ammonium salt sprays were most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard on young kidney-bean plants.
- Taxon
- kidney-bean
Phaseolus vulgarise1 - Treatment
- ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide1
- Outcome
- most effectivee1
- Direction
- most effectivee1
- Qualifier
- at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yarde1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Rates of 40-100 ml. per square yard were less effective than a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard on kidney-bean plants.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Rates of 40-100 ml. per square yarde2
- Outcome
- less effectivee2
- Direction
- less effectivee2
- Comparator
- volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yarde1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e2“Rates of 40-100 ml. per square yard were less effective, and there was a progressive decrease in magnitude of response as the volume was reduced below 10 ml. per square yard”
Claim · model-written summary
Reducing the spray volume below 10 ml. per square yard produced a progressive decrease in the magnitude of response on kidney-bean plants.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- reduced below 10 ml. per square yarde2
- Outcome
- magnitude of responsee2
- Direction
- progressive decreasee2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e2“Rates of 40-100 ml. per square yard were less effective, and there was a progressive decrease in magnitude of response as the volume was reduced below 10 ml. per square yard”
Claim · model-written summary
As the spray volume was reduced, a progressively larger amount of growth-inhibiting substance was required to kill young soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybean
Glycine maxe3 - Treatment
- sprays applied at the low rates of 8, 6, 4, and 2 ml. per square yarde4
- Outcome
- amount of growth-inhibiting substancee3
- Direction
- progressively largere3
- Qualifier
- to kill young soybean plantse3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“It was shown that, as the volume was reduced, a progressively larger amount of growth-inhibiting substance was required to kill young soybean plants”
e4“Further studies were made on sprays applied at the low rates of 8, 6, 4, and 2 ml. per square yard”
Claim · model-written summary
Twenty mg. of compound per square yard was needed at the 8-ml. per square yard volume rate on soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- 8-ml. per square yard volume ratee5
- Outcome
- compound per square yarde5
- Value
- Twenty mg.e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“It was shown that, as the volume was reduced, a progressively larger amount of growth-inhibiting substance was required to kill young soybean plants”
e5“Twenty mg. of compound per square yard was needed at the 8-ml. per square yard volume rate and at least 60 mg. per square yard (3 per cent concentration) at the 2-ml. per square yard rate”
Claim · model-written summary
At least 60 mg. per square yard of compound was needed at the 2-ml. per square yard rate on soybean plants.
- Taxon
- soybeanGlycine maxe3
- Treatment
- 2-ml. per square yard ratee5
- Outcome
- compound per square yarde5
- Value
- at least 60 mg.e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“It was shown that, as the volume was reduced, a progressively larger amount of growth-inhibiting substance was required to kill young soybean plants”
e5“Twenty mg. of compound per square yard was needed at the 8-ml. per square yard volume rate and at least 60 mg. per square yard (3 per cent concentration) at the 2-ml. per square yard rate”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays of large droplet size were more effective than sprays of small droplet size on kidney-bean plants.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Sprays of relatively large-droplet size (561-250 μ av. diam.)e6
- Outcome
- more effectivee6
- Direction
- more effectivee6
- Comparator
- smaller-droplet size (30 μ av. diam.)e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e6“Sprays of relatively large-droplet size (561-250 μ av. diam.) were more effective than those of smaller-droplet size (30 μ av. diam.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprays of larger droplet size led to more solution being deposited and retained on kidney-bean plants.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- sprays of larger-droplet sizee7
- Outcome
- solution was deposited and retainede7
- Direction
- moree7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e7“The investigations on interception showed that more solution was deposited and retained on a plant when sprays of larger-droplet size were used”
Claim · model-written summary
A higher percentage of the spray was intercepted and retained at volume rates of 10-20 ml. per square yard than at smaller or larger volumes.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- volume rates of 10-20-ml. per square yarde2
- Outcome
- percentage of the spray was intercepted and retainede2
- Direction
- highere2
- Comparator
- smaller or larger volumese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e2“There was also an indication that a higher percentage of the spray was intercepted and retained when applied at volume rates of 10-20-ml. per square yard than in smaller or larger volumes”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth-regulating compounds should be applied in sprays devoid of finely atomized particles and in volumes of 10-20 ml. per square yard rather than at saturation levels.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- sprays devoid of finely atomized particlese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e2“For most efficient use of growth-regulating compounds, they should be applied in sprays devoid of finely atomized particles and in volumes of 10-20 ml. per square yard rather than at saturation levels of about 100 ml. per square yard”
Claim · model-written summary
Growth inhibitors can be effective when applied in very low spray volumes.
- Taxon
- kidney-beanPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- growth inhibitors can be effectivee2
- Qualifier
- when applied in such low volumese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Aqueous sprays, containing a constant threshold amount of the ammonium salt of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, were found to be most effective at a volume rate of 10-20 ml. per square yard when applied to young kidney-bean plants”
e2“The fact that growth inhibitors can be effective when applied in such low volumes opens up new fields for large scale practical application of herbicides”
The same questions in other papers
application · growth · Glycine max (soybean)Positive and negative results
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- positive
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See all 207 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.