Abstract
1 Plant species employ several direct and indirect defence strategies to protect themselves against insect herbivores. Most studies, however, have focused on shoot-induced responses. Much less is known about interactions between below- and above-ground herbivores and how these may affect their respective parasitoids. 2 Here, we quantify the impact of below-ground induced responses vs. that of above-ground induced responses in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata. Jasmonic acid (JA) was applied to induce the plants above- or below-ground. The glucosinolate, sugar and amino acid levels of the leaves were analysed. 3 Pieris brassicae larvae grew significantly slower on shoot JA-induced (SJA) plants than on root JA-induced (RJA) and control plants, which were treated with acidic water. On RJA and control plants they showed similar developmental trajectories. Pupal masses, survival till eclosion and egg load, however, were similar on all plants. 4 The development of C. glomerata larvae on SJA plants was significantly longer than that on RJA and control plants. In contrast, the parasitoid's pupal stage lasted longer in hosts feeding on control plants. The total developmental times eventually were similar in all groups. However, the masses of male and female C. glomerata adults that developed hosts on control and RJA plants were significantly larger than those from hosts on SJA plants. JA application increased total glucosinolate contents and decreased the sugars and total amino acids levels independent of whether JA was applied. However, the trajectories of herbivore-induced glucosinolate levels differed between RJA and SJA plants. 5 These results show that the differential effects of above- and below-ground-induced responses on herbivores also affect higher trophic levels in a nonlinear fashion via differential changes in host plant quality. In particular, the indirect effects that below-ground herbivores have on the performance of above-ground parasitoids may exceed the direct effects of plant chemistry on herbivore performance. Consequently, above-ground and below-ground interactions mediated by induced plant responses have the potential to mediate insect community structure and function in complex ways.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Pieris brassicae larvae grew significantly more slowly on shoot-induced Brassica than on root-induced or control plants.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Treatment
- shoot JA-induced (SJA)e0
- Interactor
- Pieris brassicae
_Pieris_brassicae_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female.jpg?width=60)
Pieris brassicaee0pest - Outcome
- Pieris brassicae larvae grewe0
- Direction
- slowere0
- Comparator
- root JA-induced (RJA) and control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Pieris_brassicae_-_Foret_de_Bouconne%2C_France_-_female.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Pieris brassicae larvae grew significantly slower on shoot JA-induced (SJA) plants than on root JA-induced (RJA) and control plants”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Pieris brassicae development was similar on root-induced and control plants.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Treatment
- RJAe0
- Interactor
- Pieris brassicaePieris brassicaee1pest
- Outcome
- developmental trajectoriese0
- Direction
- similare0
- Comparator
- control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“On RJA and control plants they showed similar developmental trajectories.”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Pieris brassicae pupal mass, survival and egg load were similar across plant treatments.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Interactor
- Pieris brassicaePieris brassicaee1pest
- Outcome
- Pupal masses, survival till eclosion and egg loade0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pupal masses, survival till eclosion and egg load, however, were similar on all plants.”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotesia glomerata larval development lasted significantly longer on shoot-induced plants than on root-induced or control plants.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Treatment
- SJA plantse0
- Interactor
- C. glomerata
Cotesia glomeratae0other - Outcome
- development of C. glomerata larvaee0
- Direction
- longere0
- Comparator
- RJA and control plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The development of C. glomerata larvae on SJA plants was significantly longer than that on RJA and control plants.”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotesia glomerata pupal stage lasted longer when its hosts fed on control plants.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Treatment
- control plantse0
- Interactor
- Cotesia glomerataCotesia glomeratae1other
- Outcome
- parasitoid's pupal stagee0
- Direction
- longere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the parasitoid's pupal stage lasted longer in hosts feeding on control plants”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Total Cotesia glomerata development time was similar among treatments.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Interactor
- Cotesia glomerataCotesia glomeratae1other
- Outcome
- total developmental timese0
- Direction
- similare0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The total developmental times eventually were similar in all groups.”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Adult Cotesia glomerata from control and root-induced plants had significantly greater mass than those from shoot-induced plants.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Treatment
- control and RJA plantse0
- Interactor
- C. glomerataCotesia glomeratae0other
- Outcome
- masses of male and female C. glomerata adultse0
- Direction
- largere0
- Comparator
- SJA plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the masses of male and female C. glomerata adults that developed hosts on control and RJA plants were significantly larger than those from hosts on SJA plants”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid increased total leaf glucosinolate content regardless of application site.
- Taxon
- feral Brassicae1
- Treatment
- JA applicatione0
- Outcome
- total glucosinolate contentse0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“JA application increased total glucosinolate contents”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid decreased leaf sugar and total amino acid levels regardless of application site.
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“decreased the sugars and total amino acids levels independent of whether JA was applied”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”
Claim · model-written summary
Herbivore-induced glucosinolate trajectories differed between root and shoot induction.
Verbatim
e0“the trajectories of herbivore-induced glucosinolate levels differed between RJA and SJA plants”
e1“in a feral Brassica on the performance of Pieris brassicae and its endoparasitoid Cotesia glomerata”