Abstract
Our studies on the occurrence, origin, and intensity of audio and ultrasonic acoustic emissions (AAE and UAE) have been extended by examining a range of plants with contrasting anatomical characteristics. Stem samples, excised shoots, and whole plants have been monitored for AAE and UAE simultaneously. AAE was attenuated less, i.e. transmitted further, than UAE in plant materials generally; Distances travelled by AAE considerably exceeded 40 mm in all species tested. UAE were transmitted up to 40 mm in Thuja, a vessel-less species, but only 10 mm in a range of other species, with, and without, vessels. The extent of attenuation seems to depend upon the properties of the woody xylem. UAE were studied in Thuja by Dixon, Grace, and Tyree in 1984. We have extended their findings by studying both UAE and AAE for the first time in Thuja and also Tasmannia, another vessel-less species. These plants produced fewer AAE than UAE; also their rate of AAE production was lower. Seemingly, tracheids can produce AAE: vessels are not essential for audio emissions. AAE and UAE were monitored in Ricinus, a woody plant with vessels. AAE production tended to predominate. We have shown previously that Ricinus petioles produce only AAE whereas stems produce both AAE and UAE. This difference apparently hinges on the attenuation properties of the tissues surrounding the stem-mounted probes. Such probes could detect AAE from petioles distributed over the whole plant whereas UAE were only detectable locally. When excised stem tissue was dehydrated, UAE were produced in abundance. Apparently the dual-probe technique is thus useful for locating sites of cavitation in whole plants. By comparing AAE and UAE totals with anatomical estimates of cavitatable units we have estimated our counting efficiency; selecting highest totals to represent optimal numbers detected per unit volume of stem vascular tissue (calculated from diameter and length measurements). In general, AAE detection ranged from 0.13% to 5.1% whereas UAE were considerably greater, ranging from 27% to 76% (cf. 16% for Chamaecyparis found by Sandford and Grace, 1985).
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Audio acoustic emissions were attenuated less and travelled further than ultrasonic emissions in plant materials generally.
Verbatim
e1“AAE was attenuated less, i.e. transmitted further, than UAE in plant materials generally”
Claim · model-written summary
Audio acoustic emissions travelled considerably more than 40 mm in all species tested.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- Distances travelled by AAEe2
- Value
- 40 mme2
Verbatim
e0“examining a range of plants with contrasting anatomical characteristics”
e2“Distances travelled by AAE considerably exceeded 40 mm in all species tested”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic emissions in Thuja were transmitted up to 40 mm.
ThujaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“UAE were transmitted up to 40 mm in Thuja, a vessel-less species, but only 10 mm in a range of other species, with, and without, vessels”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic emissions in a range of other species were transmitted only up to 10 mm.
Verbatim
e3“UAE were transmitted up to 40 mm in Thuja, a vessel-less species, but only 10 mm in a range of other species, with, and without, vessels”
Claim · model-written summary
Thuja produced fewer audio acoustic emissions than ultrasonic emissions.
- Outcome
- produced fewer AAE than UAEe4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These plants produced fewer AAE than UAE; also their rate of AAE production was lower”
e5“We have extended their findings by studying both UAE and AAE for the first time in Thuja and also Tasmannia, another vessel-less species”
Claim · model-written summary
Tasmannia produced fewer audio acoustic emissions than ultrasonic emissions.
- Outcome
- produced fewer AAE than UAEe4
TasmanniaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“These plants produced fewer AAE than UAE; also their rate of AAE production was lower”
e5“We have extended their findings by studying both UAE and AAE for the first time in Thuja and also Tasmannia, another vessel-less species”
Claim · model-written summary
In Ricinus, audio acoustic emissions tended to predominate over ultrasonic emissions.
RicinusOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“AAE and UAE were monitored in Ricinus, a woody plant with vessels”
e7“AAE production tended to predominate”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic emissions were produced in abundance when excised stem tissue was dehydrated.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Treatment
- dehydratede7
- Outcome
- UAE were producede7
Verbatim
e0“examining a range of plants with contrasting anatomical characteristics”
e7“When excised stem tissue was dehydrated, UAE were produced in abundance”
Claim · model-written summary
The dual-probe technique is useful for locating sites of cavitation in whole plants.
Verbatim
e6“Apparently the dual-probe technique is thus useful for locating sites of cavitation in whole plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Audio acoustic emission detection ranged from 0.13% to 5.1% of counting units.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- AAE detectione1
- Value
- 0.13% to 5.1%e1
Verbatim
e0“examining a range of plants with contrasting anatomical characteristics”
e1“In general, AAE detection ranged from 0.13% to 5.1% whereas UAE were considerably greater, ranging from 27% to 76%”
Claim · model-written summary
Ultrasonic emission detection was considerably greater, ranging from 27% to 76%.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaee0
- Outcome
- UAE were considerably greatere1
- Value
- 27% to 76%e1
Verbatim
e0“examining a range of plants with contrasting anatomical characteristics”
e1“In general, AAE detection ranged from 0.13% to 5.1% whereas UAE were considerably greater, ranging from 27% to 76%”
Claim · model-written summary
Tracheids may produce audio acoustic emissions, so vessels are not essential for them.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“We have extended their findings by studying both UAE and AAE for the first time in Thuja and also Tasmannia, another vessel-less species”
e6“Seemingly, tracheids can produce AAE: vessels are not essential for audio emissions”