Abstract
1. Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid, mixed with Carbowax as a dispersing agent, to determine the toxic effects associated with some of the various physiological responses that the acid induces. 2. Within 1 hour, seedlings sprayed with a 1000 p.p.m. concentration showed marked epinastic responses and stem bending, which became more severe during the next 2 or 3 days. At the end of 5 days the plants were permanently wilted, and in 7 days they were dead. 3. The total amount of water absorbed and transpired by sprayed plants during the 5 days immediately following treatment was 34% less than that for comparable untreated ones. Water uptake was not immediately limited by treatment, since the seedlings continued to transpire and their leaves did not wilt until 5 days after spraying. 4. Leaf growth and expansion were markedly inhibited in both partially expanded leaves and those contained in terminal buds, even when sprayed with a concentration as low as 25 p.p.m. 5. The solid matter content of the above-ground part of the plant decreased markedly after spraying with a relatively high concentration (1000 p.p.m.), but increased accumulation of solid matter was noted in the basal region of the stems of those plants sprayed with lower concentrations (25, 50, and 250 p.p.m.). 6. The rate of accumulation of water in the leaves of sprayed plants was depressed, while in the stem tissues it was accelerated. On an over-all basis, however, the treated plants had higher percentages of moisture than the untreated ones. 7. The rate of respiration of seedling bean plants measured at three different temperatures was significantly increased as the result of spraying them with an aqueous mixture containing 0.1% (1000 p.p.m.) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.6% Carbowax 1500. This increase in respiration was manifest 24 hours after treatment. The CO2 output of treated plants was approximately 19-80% greater than that of untreated, ones when sampled during 4 days. 8. Plants of annual wild morning-glory (I pomoea lacunosa) sprayed in a similar manner with the acid at the time of flowering showed an 80.6% increase in respiration during a 2-hour period on the fourth day after treatment.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying 1000 p.p.m. 2,4-D caused marked epinastic responses and stem bending in bean seedlings within 1 hour.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Treatment
- a 1000 p.p.m. concentratione1
- Outcome
- epinastic responses and stem bendinge1
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e1“Within 1 hour, seedlings sprayed with a 1000 p.p.m. concentration showed marked epinastic responses and stem bending”
Claim · model-written summary
Bean plants sprayed with 2,4-D were permanently wilted at 5 days and dead at 7 days.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- permanently wiltede2
- Qualifier
- in 7 days they were deade2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e2“At the end of 5 days the plants were permanently wilted, and in 7 days they were dead”
Claim · model-written summary
Sprayed bean plants absorbed and transpired 34% less water over the 5 days after treatment than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- total amount of water absorbed and transpirede3
- Direction
- lesse3
- Value
- 34%e3
- Comparator
- comparable untreated onese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e3“The total amount of water absorbed and transpired by sprayed plants during the 5 days immediately following treatment was 34% less than that for comparable untreated ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Leaf growth and expansion were markedly inhibited by 2,4-D, even at a concentration as low as 25 p.p.m.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- partially expanded leavese4
- Treatment
- a concentration as low as 25 p.p.m.e4
- Outcome
- Leaf growth and expansione4
- Direction
- inhibitede4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e4“Leaf growth and expansion were markedly inhibited in both partially expanded leaves and those contained in terminal buds, even when sprayed with a concentration as low as 25 p.p.m.”
Claim · model-written summary
The solid matter content of the above-ground part decreased markedly after spraying with 1000 p.p.m. 2,4-D.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- a relatively high concentration (1000 p.p.m.)e5
- Outcome
- solid matter content of the above-ground part of the plante5
- Direction
- decreasede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e5“The solid matter content of the above-ground part of the plant decreased markedly after spraying with a relatively high concentration (1000 p.p.m.)”
Claim · model-written summary
Lower 2,4-D concentrations increased the accumulation of solid matter in the basal region of the stems.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- basal region of the stemse6
- Treatment
- lower concentrations (25, 50, and 250 p.p.m.)e6
- Outcome
- accumulation of solid mattere6
- Direction
- increasede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e6“increased accumulation of solid matter was noted in the basal region of the stems of those plants sprayed with lower concentrations (25, 50, and 250 p.p.m.)”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of accumulation of water in the leaves of sprayed bean plants was depressed.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- leavese7
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- rate of accumulation of water in the leavese7
- Direction
- depressede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e7“The rate of accumulation of water in the leaves of sprayed plants was depressed, while in the stem tissues it was accelerated”
Claim · model-written summary
The rate of accumulation of water in the stem tissues of sprayed bean plants was accelerated.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Organ / stage
- stem tissuese7
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- rate of accumulation of watere7
- Direction
- acceleratede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e7“The rate of accumulation of water in the leaves of sprayed plants was depressed, while in the stem tissues it was accelerated”
Claim · model-written summary
Over all, sprayed bean plants had higher moisture percentages than untreated plants.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- percentages of moisturee1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- On an over-all basise1
- Comparator
- the untreated onese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e1“On an over-all basis, however, the treated plants had higher percentages of moisture than the untreated ones”
Claim · model-written summary
Spraying bean seedlings with the 2,4-D mixture significantly increased the rate of respiration at three temperatures.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- an aqueous mixture containing 0.1% (1000 p.p.m.) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.6% Carbowax 1500e1
- Outcome
- rate of respiratione1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Qualifier
- measured at three different temperaturese1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e1“The rate of respiration of seedling bean plants measured at three different temperatures was significantly increased as the result of spraying them with an aqueous mixture containing 0.1% (1000 p.p.m.) of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 0.6% Carbowax 1500”
Claim · model-written summary
The CO2 output of 2,4-D-treated bean plants was about 19-80% greater than that of untreated plants over 4 days.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise0
- Treatment
- 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acide0
- Outcome
- CO2 output of treated plantse1
- Direction
- greatere1
- Value
- approximately 19-80%e1
- Qualifier
- when sampled during 4 dayse1
- Comparator
- untreatede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) seedlings were sprayed with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid”
e1“The CO2 output of treated plants was approximately 19-80% greater than that of untreated, ones when sampled during 4 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Annual wild morning-glory sprayed with the acid at flowering had an 80.6% increase in respiration on day 4.
- Taxon
- wild morning-glorye2
- Material
- I pomoea lacunosae2
- Organ / stage
- floweringe2
- Treatment
- sprayed in a similar manner with the acide2
- Outcome
- respiratione2
- Direction
- increasee2
- Value
- 80.6%e2
- Qualifier
- during a 2-hour period on the fourth day after treatmente2
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e2“Plants of annual wild morning-glory (I pomoea lacunosa) sprayed in a similar manner with the acid at the time of flowering showed an 80.6% increase in respiration during a 2-hour period on the fourth day after treatment”
The same questions in other papers
2,4-D · molecular: metabolites · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
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- positive
- positive
- negative
2,4-D · yield · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Positive and negative results
3 papers in the same direction as this paper · 3 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
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3 papers more in this group
See all 7 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.