Abstract
This paper is an overview of a non-specific local early induced resistance (EIR) mechanism, distinct from the incompatible-specific hypersensitive reaction (HR). We have shown that the local induced resistance (LIR) described earlier is not a single and uniform response to pathogen infection, because an early (EIR) and a late form can be distinguished. EIR operates from 3-6 h post-inoculation (hpi) until about 20 hpi, and is inhibited by a short heat-shock or the eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide. In contrast, LIR, which corresponds to the induced resistance forms discovered earlier, requires more time (about 24 h) and intensive illumination to develop, and is effective for a longer period. EIR develops parallel with HR and is sometimes able to prevent it when the induction time of HR is longer than the time required for the development of EIR. It seems that EIR inhibits the metabolism of bacteria and the activity of hrp genes which otherwise are required for the induction of HR. In a compatible host-pathogen relationship the effect of EIR fails to take place. The rapid development of EIR is greatly influenced by temperature and the physiological state of the plant. EIR activates the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide at the bacterial attachment, expressing new peroxidase isoenzymes in the initiated plant tissue. It seems that this is a native general local defence mechanism which can localise foreign organisms even at the penetration site.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Local induced resistance has distinguishable early and late forms.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- early (EIR) and a late forme0
Verbatim
e0“local induced resistance (LIR) described earlier is not a single and uniform response to pathogen infection, because an early (EIR) and a late form can be distinguished”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EIR operates from 3-6 to about 20 hours after inoculation.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- EIR operatese0
- Value
- 3-6 he0
- Qualifier
- until about 20 hpie0
Verbatim
e0“EIR operates from 3-6 h post-inoculation (hpi) until about 20 hpi”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Heat shock or cycloheximide inhibited EIR.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Treatment
- a short heat-shock or the eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximidee0
- Outcome
- EIRe1
- Direction
- inhibitede0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“is inhibited by a short heat-shock or the eukaryotic protein synthesis inhibitor, cycloheximide”
e1“EIR operates”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Late LIR requires about 24 hours and intensive illumination to develop.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- LIRe0
- Value
- about 24 he0
- Qualifier
- intensive illuminatione0
Verbatim
e0“LIR, which corresponds to the induced resistance forms discovered earlier, requires more time (about 24 h) and intensive illumination to develop”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Late LIR remains effective longer than EIR.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- LIRe1
- Direction
- longere0
Verbatim
e0“is effective for a longer period”
e1“LIR, which corresponds to the induced resistance forms discovered earlier”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EIR develops parallel to HR and sometimes prevents it when HR induction is slower.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- EIR develops parallel with HR and is sometimes able to prevent ite0
- Qualifier
- when the induction time of HR is longer than the time required for the development of EIRe0
Verbatim
e0“EIR develops parallel with HR and is sometimes able to prevent it when the induction time of HR is longer than the time required for the development of EIR”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EIR may inhibit bacterial metabolism and hrp gene activity.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Gene
- hrp genese0
- Outcome
- metabolism of bacteria and the activity of hrp genese0
- Qualifier
- It seemse0
Verbatim
e0“It seems that EIR inhibits the metabolism of bacteria and the activity of hrp genes”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EIR fails to act in a compatible host-pathogen relationship.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Outcome
- effect of EIR fails to take placee0
- Qualifier
- compatible host-pathogen relationshipe0
Verbatim
e0“In a compatible host-pathogen relationship the effect of EIR fails to take place”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Temperature and plant physiological state strongly influence EIR development.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Treatment
- temperaturee0
- Outcome
- rapid development of EIRe0
- Qualifier
- temperature and the physiological state of the plante0
Not reportedDirection
Verbatim
e0“rapid development of EIR is greatly influenced by temperature and the physiological state of the plant”
t0“plants”
Claim · model-written summary
EIR activates hydrogen peroxide accumulation at bacterial attachment and expression of new peroxidase isoenzymes.
- Taxon
- plantsViridiplantaet0
- Organ / stage
- plant tissuee0
- Gene
- peroxidase isoenzymese0
- Outcome
- accumulation of hydrogen peroxidee0
Verbatim
e0“EIR activates the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide at the bacterial attachment, expressing new peroxidase isoenzymes in the initiated plant tissue”
t0“plants”
The same questions in other papers
heat · disease · Viridiplantae (plants)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- negative
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