Abstract
The plant hormone abscisic acid (ABA) is involved in a wide variety of plant processes, including the initiation of stress-adaptive responses to various environmental cues. Recently, ABA also emerged as a central factor in the regulation and integration of plant immune responses, although little is known about the underlying mechanisms. Aiming to advance our understanding of ABA-modulated disease resistance, we have analyzed the impact, dynamics and interrelationship of ABA and the classic defense hormone salicylic acid (SA) during progression of rice infection by the leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo). Consistent with ABA negatively regulating resistance to Xoo, we found that exogenously administered ABA renders rice hypersusceptible to infection, whereas chemical and genetic disruption of ABA biosynthesis and signaling, respectively, led to enhanced Xoo resistance. In addition, we found successful Xoo infection to be associated with extensive reprogramming of ABA biosynthesis and response genes, suggesting that ABA functions as a virulence factor for Xoo. Interestingly, several lines of evidence indicate that this immune-suppressive effect of ABA is due at least in part to suppression of SA-mediated defenses that normally serve to limit pathogen growth. Resistance induced by the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone, however, appears to operate in a SA-independent manner and is likely due to induction of non-specific physiological stress. Collectively, our findings favor a scenario whereby virulent Xoo hijacks the rice ABA machinery to cause disease and highlight the importance of ABA and its crosstalk with SA in shaping the outcome of rice-Xoo interactions.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Exogenous ABA made rice hypersusceptible to infection.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae1 - Treatment
- exogenously administered ABAe1
- Outcome
- hypersusceptible to infectione1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“exogenously administered ABA renders rice hypersusceptible to infection”
Claim · model-written summary
Chemical disruption of ABA biosynthesis enhanced Xoo resistance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- disruption of ABA biosynthesise2
- Outcome
- Xoo resistancee2
- Direction
- enhancede2
- Qualifier
- chemicale2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“exogenously administered ABA renders rice hypersusceptible to infection”
e2“whereas chemical and genetic disruption of ABA biosynthesis and signaling, respectively, led to enhanced Xoo resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Genetic disruption of ABA enhanced Xoo resistance in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- genetic disruption of ABAe2
- Outcome
- Xoo resistancee2
- Direction
- enhancede2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“exogenously administered ABA renders rice hypersusceptible to infection”
e2“whereas chemical and genetic disruption of ABA biosynthesis and signaling, respectively, led to enhanced Xoo resistance”
Claim · model-written summary
Successful Xoo infection of rice was associated with extensive reprogramming of ABA biosynthesis and response genes.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzaee0pathogen - Gene
- ABA biosynthesis and response genese3
- Outcome
- reprogramming of ABA biosynthesis and response genese3
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Abscisic Acid Promotes Susceptibility to the Rice Leaf Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae”
e0“the leaf blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (Xoo)”
e3“we found successful Xoo infection to be associated with extensive reprogramming of ABA biosynthesis and response genes”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA appears to function as a virulence factor for Xoo in rice.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Interactor
- Xooe4pathogen
- Compound
- ABAe4
- Outcome
- virulence factore4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Abscisic Acid Promotes Susceptibility to the Rice Leaf Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae”
e4“suggesting that ABA functions as a virulence factor for Xoo”
Claim · model-written summary
The immune-suppressive effect of ABA on rice is due at least in part to suppression of SA-mediated defenses.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Compound
- SAe5
- Outcome
- immune-suppressive effect of ABAe5
- Qualifier
- suppression of SA-mediated defensese5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Abscisic Acid Promotes Susceptibility to the Rice Leaf Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae”
e5“this immune-suppressive effect of ABA is due at least in part to suppression of SA-mediated defenses”
Claim · model-written summary
Resistance induced by the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone in rice appears to be SA-independent and likely due to non-specific physiological stress.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativat0
- Treatment
- ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridonee6
- Outcome
- Resistancee6
- Qualifier
- SA-independent manner and is likely due to induction of non-specific physiological stresse6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Abscisic Acid Promotes Susceptibility to the Rice Leaf Blight Pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae”
e6“Resistance induced by the ABA biosynthesis inhibitor fluridone, however, appears to operate in a SA-independent manner and is likely due to induction of non-specific physiological stress”
Claim · model-written summary
Virulent Xoo hijacks the rice ABA machinery to cause disease.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae7
- Interactor
- Xooe7pathogen
- Outcome
- cause diseasee7
- Qualifier
- hijacks the rice ABA machinerye7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“virulent Xoo hijacks the rice ABA machinery to cause disease”
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