Abstract
Herbivore elicitors, most of which identified thus far are from the oral secretions (OS) of herbivores, are important in herbivore-induced plant defense. However, whether and how larval OS of the striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis, a devastating pest on rice, induce plant defenses remains largely unknown. We found that treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice, which subsequently induced the production of defense compounds, such as trypsin protease inhibitors, and decreased the growth of SSB larvae. Digestion by proteinase K decreased the induction activity of SSB OS on rice defense, but it still activated OsMPK6, JA, ABA, and ethylene pathways, and enhanced plant SSB resistance. Treating plants with SSB OS fractions that did not contain fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) activated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, ABA, and ethylene pathways, whereas treating plants with other OS fractions containing FACs did not. Bioassays revealed that impairing the JA or ABA signaling pathway in rice decreased plant SSB resistance. These results demonstrate that both proteins/peptides and non-proteins/peptides-but not FACs-in SSB OS play a central role in inducing rice defenses by activating signaling pathways mediated by JA, ABA, and ethylene.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
SSB oral secretions enhanced OsMPK3/4/6 phosphorylation and hormone levels in rice.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- SSB OSe0
- Outcome
- phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABAe0
- Direction
- enhancede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Oral secretions induced trypsin protease inhibitor production.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Larval Oral Secretionst0
- Outcome
- trypsin protease inhibitorse0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“which subsequently induced the production of defense compounds, such as trypsin protease inhibitors”
t0“Larval Oral Secretions of a Chewing Herbivore Function as Elicitors That Induce Plant Defenses”
e1“treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Oral secretions decreased SSB larval growth.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- Larval Oral Secretionst0
- Outcome
- growth of SSB larvaee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“and decreased the growth of SSB larvae.”
t0“Larval Oral Secretions of a Chewing Herbivore Function as Elicitors That Induce Plant Defenses”
e1“treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Proteinase K digestion decreased oral secretion induction of rice defense.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- Digestion by proteinase Ke0
- Outcome
- induction activity of SSB OS on rice defensee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Digestion by proteinase K decreased the induction activity of SSB OS on rice defense”
Claim · model-written summary
Digested secretions still activated signaling pathways and enhanced resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- OsMPK6, JA, ABA, and ethylene pathwayse0
- Direction
- activatede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“but it still activated OsMPK6, JA, ABA, and ethylene pathways, and enhanced plant SSB resistance.”
t0“Chewing Herbivore”
e1“treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Fractions without FACs activated OsMPK and hormone pathways.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- SSB OS fractions that did not contain fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs)e0
- Outcome
- OsMPK3/4/6, JA, ABA, and ethylene pathwayse0
- Direction
- activatede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Treating plants with SSB OS fractions that did not contain fatty acid-amino acid conjugates (FACs) activated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, ABA, and ethylene pathways”
t0“Chewing Herbivore”
e1“treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
FAC-containing fractions did not activate the pathways.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Outcome
- did note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“whereas treating plants with other OS fractions containing FACs did not.”
t0“Chewing Herbivore”
e1“treating plants with SSB OS enhanced levels of phosphorylated OsMPK3/4/6, JA, JA-Ile, ethylene, and ABA in rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Impairing JA signaling decreased rice SSB resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- JAe0
- Outcome
- plant SSB resistancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impairing the JA or ABA signaling pathway in rice decreased plant SSB resistance.”
Claim · model-written summary
Impairing ABA signaling decreased rice SSB resistance.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Outcome
- plant SSB resistancee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“impairing the JA or ABA signaling pathway in rice decreased plant SSB resistance.”
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