Abstract
1. In order to obtain the basic data for promotion of flowering in slow bolting spinach, the effect of chemical vernalization (auxin and low temperature treatment) and low temperature treatments of seeds to floral initiation were examined with the King of Denmark and other three varieties. Dry seeds were treated with auxin (1 p. p. m. naphthaleneacetic acid) for 24 hours. The temperature treatment was continued for 2 weekes in 3±1°C. Those seeds were sown in spring (March 5), summer (June 15) and fall (Oct. 5). 2. The time of initiation of floral primordia of the four varieties were markedly accelerated by a combination treatment of auxin followed by a low temperature and single treatment of low temperature, as compared with non-treatment controls under the three respective season. 3. The promotion of earliness concerning the bolting and flowering was also markedly shown in plants which received treatments, mentioned above, but showed the differences on the development of flower-stalks with four varieties under the short-day conditions in fall or winter. 4. In the first experiments (sown in March 5), the plants of the King of Denmark variety which received vernalization tretment passed over normally the course of bolting, flowering and fruiting, and obtained seeds amounting to 19.8cc. in average, per plants under the greenhouse conditions, and germination of seed showed the higher percentage. While, the controls not in treatment formed very little flower stalks. From these facts, it will be clear that the acceleration of floral initiation of spinch is induced by immediate effect of vernalization, and that the after-effect of this treatment for seeds may alter the photoperiodic responces of this crops.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Auxin followed by low temperature accelerated floral primordium initiation.
- Taxon
- spinach
Spinacia oleraceat0 - Treatment
- combination treatment of auxin followed by a low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- initiation of floral primordiae0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- non-treatment controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“The time of initiation of floral primordia of the four varieties were markedly accelerated by a combination treatment of auxin followed by a low temperature and single treatment of low temperature, as compared with non-treatment controls under the three respective season.”
Claim · model-written summary
Low temperature alone accelerated floral primordium initiation.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- single treatment of low temperaturee0
- Outcome
- initiation of floral primordiae0
- Direction
- acceleratede0
- Comparator
- non-treatment controlse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“The time of initiation of floral primordia of the four varieties were markedly accelerated by a combination treatment of auxin followed by a low temperature and single treatment of low temperature, as compared with non-treatment controls under the three respective season.”
Claim · model-written summary
The seed treatments promoted earlier bolting and flowering.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- treatments, mentioned abovee0
- Outcome
- bolting and floweringe0
- Direction
- promotion of earlinesse0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“The promotion of earliness concerning the bolting and flowering was also markedly shown in plants which received treatments, mentioned above, but showed the differences on the development of flower-stalks with four varieties under the short-day conditions in fall or winter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Flower stalk development differed among four varieties under short days.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- treatments, mentioned abovee0
- Outcome
- development of flower-stalkse0
- Qualifier
- short-day conditions in fall or wintere0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“The promotion of earliness concerning the bolting and flowering was also markedly shown in plants which received treatments, mentioned above, but showed the differences on the development of flower-stalks with four varieties under the short-day conditions in fall or winter.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vernalized King of Denmark plants completed bolting, flowering and fruiting.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Material
- King of Denmarke0
- Treatment
- vernalization tretmente0
- Outcome
- bolting, flowering and fruitinge0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“In the first experiments (sown in March 5), the plants of the King of Denmark variety which received vernalization tretment passed over normally the course of bolting, flowering and fruiting, and obtained seeds amounting to 19.8cc. in average, per plants under the greenhouse conditions, and germination of seed showed the higher percentage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Vernalized King of Denmark plants produced 19.8cc. seed per plant on average.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Material
- King of Denmarke0
- Treatment
- vernalization tretmente0
- Outcome
- seedse0
- Value
- 19.8cc.e0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“In the first experiments (sown in March 5), the plants of the King of Denmark variety which received vernalization tretment passed over normally the course of bolting, flowering and fruiting, and obtained seeds amounting to 19.8cc. in average, per plants under the greenhouse conditions, and germination of seed showed the higher percentage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Seeds from vernalized plants had a higher germination percentage.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- vernalization tretmente0
- Outcome
- germination of seede0
- Direction
- highere0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“In the first experiments (sown in March 5), the plants of the King of Denmark variety which received vernalization tretment passed over normally the course of bolting, flowering and fruiting, and obtained seeds amounting to 19.8cc. in average, per plants under the greenhouse conditions, and germination of seed showed the higher percentage.”
Claim · model-written summary
Untreated controls formed very few flower stalks.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- controls not in treatmente0
- Outcome
- flower stalkse0
- Direction
- very littlee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“While, the controls not in treatment formed very little flower stalks.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors attributed accelerated floral initiation to the immediate effect of vernalization.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- vernalizatione0
- Outcome
- acceleration of floral initiatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“From these facts, it will be clear that the acceleration of floral initiation of spinch is induced by immediate effect of vernalization, and that the after-effect of this treatment for seeds may alter the photoperiodic responces of this crops.”
Claim · model-written summary
Authors suggested a seed treatment after-effect may alter photoperiodic responses.
- Taxon
- spinachSpinacia oleraceat0
- Treatment
- this treatment for seedse0
- Outcome
- photoperiodic responcese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“spinach”
e0“From these facts, it will be clear that the acceleration of floral initiation of spinch is induced by immediate effect of vernalization, and that the after-effect of this treatment for seeds may alter the photoperiodic responces of this crops.”
The same questions in other papers
cold · yield · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- negative
cold · phenology · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- negative
- no effect
cold · growth · Spinacia oleracea (spinach)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.