Abstract
Cotton genetically engineered to be resistant to topical applications of 2,4-D could provide growers with an additional tool for managing difficult-to-control broadleaf species. However, the successful adoption of this technology will be dependent on the ability of growers to manage off-target herbicide movement. Field experiments were conducted in Moultrie, GA, to evaluate cotton injury resulting from the volatilization of 2,4-D when formulated as an ester, an amine, or a choline salt. Each formulation of 2,4-D (2.24 kg ha −1 ) was applied in mixture with glyphosate (2.24 kg ha −1 ) directly to the soil surface (10 to 20% crop residue) in individual square blocks (750 m 2 ). Following herbicide applications, replicate sets of four potted cotton plants (five- to seven-leaf stage) were placed at distances ranging from 1.5 to 48 m from the edge of each treatment. Plants were allowed to remain in-field for up to 48 h before being removed. Cotton exposed to 2,4-D ester for 48 h exhibited maximum injury ratings of 63, 57, 48, 29, 13, and 2% at distances of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 m, respectively. Less than 5% injury was noted for the amine and choline formulations at any distance. Plant height was also affected by formulation and distance; plants that were located closest to the ester-treated block were smaller than their more distantly-positioned counterparts. Exposure to the amine and choline formulations did not affect plant heights. Additionally, two plastic tunnels were placed inside of each treated block to concentrate volatiles and maximize the potential for crop injury. Injury ratings of 76, 13, and 5% were noted for cotton exposed to the ester, amine, and choline formulations, respectively when under tunnels for 48 h. Results indicate that the choline formulation of 2,4-D was less volatile and injurious to cotton than the ester under the field conditions in this study.
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Claims 8
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton exposed to 2,4-D ester for 48 h had maximum injury of 63, 57, 48, 29, 13, and 2% at 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 m, respectively.
- Taxon
- Cotton
Gossypium hirsutume0 - Treatment
- 2,4-D estere0
- Outcome
- injury ratingse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 63, 57, 48, 29, 13, and 2%e0
- Qualifier
- 48 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Cotton exposed to 2,4-D ester for 48 h exhibited maximum injury ratings of 63, 57, 48, 29, 13, and 2% at distances of 1.5, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 m, respectively.”
Claim · model-written summary
Amine and choline 2,4-D formulations caused less than 5% cotton injury at every tested distance.
- Taxon
- CottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- amine and choline formulationse0
- Outcome
- injurye0
- Direction
- Less thane0
- Value
- 5%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Less than 5% injury was noted for the amine and choline formulations at any distance.”
t0“Cotton genetically engineered to be resistant to topical applications of 2,4-D”
Claim · model-written summary
Cotton plants nearest the ester-treated block were shorter than more distant plants.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- ester-treated blocke0
- Outcome
- plantse0
- Direction
- smallere0
- Comparator
- more distantly-positioned counterpartse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“plants that were located closest to the ester-treated block were smaller than their more distantly-positioned counterparts.”
t0“cotton plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Exposure to amine and choline formulations did not affect cotton plant height.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutumt0
- Treatment
- amine and choline formulationse0
- Outcome
- plant heightse0
- Direction
- did not affecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Exposure to the amine and choline formulations did not affect plant heights.”
t0“potted cotton plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Under tunnels for 48 h, ester exposure produced 76% cotton injury.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- estere0
- Outcome
- Injury ratingse0
- Value
- 76e0
- Qualifier
- 48 he0
- Setting
- tunnelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury ratings of 76, 13, and 5% were noted for cotton exposed to the ester, amine, and choline formulations, respectively when under tunnels for 48 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under tunnels for 48 h, amine exposure produced 13% cotton injury.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- aminee0
- Outcome
- Injury ratingse0
- Value
- 13e0
- Qualifier
- 48 he0
- Setting
- tunnelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury ratings of 76, 13, and 5% were noted for cotton exposed to the ester, amine, and choline formulations, respectively when under tunnels for 48 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
Under tunnels for 48 h, choline exposure produced 5% cotton injury.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- choline formulationse0
- Outcome
- Injury ratingse0
- Value
- 5%e0
- Qualifier
- 48 he0
- Setting
- tunnelse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Injury ratings of 76, 13, and 5% were noted for cotton exposed to the ester, amine, and choline formulations, respectively when under tunnels for 48 h.”
Claim · model-written summary
The choline formulation of 2,4-D was less volatile and injurious to cotton than the ester under field conditions.
- Taxon
- cottonGossypium hirsutume0
- Treatment
- choline formulation of 2,4-De0
- Outcome
- volatile and injurious to cottone0
- Direction
- lesse0
- Comparator
- estere0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the choline formulation of 2,4-D was less volatile and injurious to cotton than the ester under the field conditions in this study.”
The same questions in other papers
choline · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
amine · growth · Gossypium hirsutum (cotton)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.