Abstract
In northeastern Iowa and southwestern Wisconsin the flowers of Dicentra cuculiarla were found to be pollinated almost exclusively by Bombus bimaculatus nectar‐foraging queens, which were phenologically synchronized in their emergence from hibernation with the flower's anthesis. Cinematographic and stereophotographic evidence indicated that pollen transfer was effected by the ventral side of the insect's head and anterior thorax contacting essential flower parts and to a lesser degree by the front and middle legs contacting pollen‐laden edges of the inner petals. Lepidoptera, Diptera, and small Hymenoptera occasionally encountered on the flowers were ineffective in pollination. Abundant Apis mellifera pollen‐foraging workers regularly effected pollination, but being an introduced species it exhibits no naturally developed pollination adaptation to the flower. Nectar spur perforation by B. affinis nectar‐foraging queens did not affect plant fertility, and this behavior was related only in part to forager tongue length. Nectar‐foraging behavior of B. bimaculalus queens on the flowers was correlated with the phenological development of the annual insect colonies.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Dicentra cucullaria flowers were pollinated almost exclusively by Bombus bimaculatus nectar-foraging queens.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIA
Dicentra cucullariat0 - Organ / stage
- flowerse1
- Interactor
- Bombus bimaculatus
Bombus bimaculatuse1pollinator - Outcome
- pollinatede1
- Setting
- northeastern Iowa and southwestern Wisconsine1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e1“In northeastern Iowa and southwestern Wisconsin the flowers of Dicentra cuculiarla were found to be pollinated almost exclusively by Bombus bimaculatus nectar‐foraging queens, which were phenologically synchronized in their emergence from hibernation with the flower's anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Lepidoptera, Diptera and small Hymenoptera were ineffective in pollinating Dicentra cucullaria.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- Lepidoptera, Diptera, and small Hymenopterae3pollinator
- Outcome
- ineffective in pollinatione3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e3“Lepidoptera, Diptera, and small Hymenoptera occasionally encountered on the flowers were ineffective in pollination”
Claim · model-written summary
Apis mellifera pollen-foraging workers regularly effected pollination of Dicentra cucullaria.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- Apis mellifera
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=60)
Apis melliferae4pollinator - Outcome
- regularly effected pollinatione4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Apis_mellifera_(female)_-_on_viburnum_tinus_flowers.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e4“Abundant Apis mellifera pollen‐foraging workers regularly effected pollination, but being an introduced species it exhibits no naturally developed pollination adaptation to the flower”
Claim · model-written summary
Nectar spur perforation by B. affinis did not affect plant fertility.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- B. affinis
.jpg?width=60)
Bombus affinise5other - Outcome
- plant fertilitye5
- Qualifier
- did not affecte5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e5“Nectar spur perforation by B. affinis nectar‐foraging queens did not affect plant fertility, and this behavior was related only in part to forager tongue length”
Claim · model-written summary
Nectar spur perforation by B. affinis was related only in part to forager tongue length.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- B. affinisBombus affinise5other
- Outcome
- Nectar spur perforatione5
- Qualifier
- related only in part to forager tongue lengthe5
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e5“Nectar spur perforation by B. affinis nectar‐foraging queens did not affect plant fertility, and this behavior was related only in part to forager tongue length”
Claim · model-written summary
Nectar-foraging behavior of B. bimaculalus queens was correlated with the phenological development of the annual insect colonies.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- B. bimaculaluse6pollinator
- Outcome
- phenological development of the annual insect coloniese6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e6“Nectar‐foraging behavior of B. bimaculalus queens on the flowers was correlated with the phenological development of the annual insect colonies”
Claim · model-written summary
Bombus bimaculatus queens were phenologically synchronized in emergence from hibernation with flower anthesis.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- Bombus bimaculatusBombus bimaculatuse1pollinator
- Outcome
- phenologically synchronized in their emergence from hibernation with the flower's anthesise1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e1“In northeastern Iowa and southwestern Wisconsin the flowers of Dicentra cuculiarla were found to be pollinated almost exclusively by Bombus bimaculatus nectar‐foraging queens, which were phenologically synchronized in their emergence from hibernation with the flower's anthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Pollen transfer was effected mainly by the ventral side of the insect's head and anterior thorax, and to a lesser degree by the legs.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Outcome
- pollen transfere2
- Qualifier
- by the ventral side of the insect's head and anterior thoraxe2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e2“Cinematographic and stereophotographic evidence indicated that pollen transfer was effected by the ventral side of the insect's head and anterior thorax contacting essential flower parts and to a lesser degree by the front and middle legs contacting pollen‐laden edges of the inner petals”
Claim · model-written summary
Apis mellifera has no naturally developed pollination adaptation to the flower.
- Taxon
- DICENTRA CUCULLARIADicentra cucullariat0
- Interactor
- Apis melliferaApis melliferae4pollinator
- Outcome
- exhibits no naturally developed pollination adaptation to the flowere4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“THE POLLINATION ECOLOGY OF DICENTRA CUCULLARIA”
e4“Abundant Apis mellifera pollen‐foraging workers regularly effected pollination, but being an introduced species it exhibits no naturally developed pollination adaptation to the flower”