Abstract
Abstract Preinoculation of primary half leaves or whole primary leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto) with Uromyces phaseoli induced resistance against tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) in the opposite half leaves and in the trifoliate leaves, respectively. For expression of systemically induced resistance an interval of at least 4 days between primary and challenge inoculation was required. The most pronounced effectiveness was found after an induction period of 6 days. Preinfectional treatment with intercellular washing fluids extracted from rust infected bean leaves (IWF‐R) also reduced disease incidence of TNV. Extracts taken 6 days after rust inoculation induced the most pronounced effect on resistance. For induction of resistance an interval of at least three days between application of IWF‐R and TNV‐inoculation was necessary. IWFs from healthy leaves (IWF‐H) did not induce resistance to TNV. The disease reductions of systemic protection by IWF‐R in the untreated primary half leaves and in the trifoliate leaves averaging 50%. The IWF‐R could be diluted to 1/4 of its original concentration without appreciable loss of the resistance‐inducing capacity. Besides the resistance inducing effects, the IWF‐R and in addition IWF‐H showed virus inactivating activity; this effect was restricted to the treated leaf area. When IWFs were applied at short time intervals either (0–8 h) before or (0–4 h) after TNV inoculation, the number of local lesions was markedly reduced. Increasing the pre‐ or postinfectional time intervals (0.5–2 dai or 6–8 hpi) diminished the activity significantly. The effectiveness of IWF‐R increased at prolonged preinfectional time intervals (e.g. 3 and 4 dai) while extracts of healthy plants were ineffective. The biphasic pattern of activity indicates that IWF‐R contains ingredients reducing virus infectivity and inducing resistance to TNV. When the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D and the translation inhibitor cycloheximide were applied simultaneously with IWF‐R 3 dai the resistance inducing effect of IWF‐R was prevented. In preliminary ultrafiltration experiments, the molecular size of the inducing ingredients of IWF‐R could be limited to 10–20 kd and those of the virus inactivating compounds to 1–5 kd.
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Claims 17
Claim · model-written summary
Preinoculation with Uromyces phaseoli induced systemic TNV resistance in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgaris
Phaseolus vulgarise0 - Material
- Pintoe0
- Treatment
- Preinoculation of primary half leaves or whole primary leavese0
- Interactor
- tobacco necrosis virusunidentified tobacco necrosis viruse0pathogen
- Second interactor
- Uromyces phaseoli
Uromyces phaseolie0pathogen - Outcome
- resistance against tobacco necrosis virus (TNV)e0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preinoculation of primary half leaves or whole primary leaves of bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto) with Uromyces phaseoli induced resistance against tobacco necrosis virus (TNV) in the opposite half leaves and in the trifoliate leaves, respectively”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic resistance required at least four days between primary and challenge inoculation and peaked after six days.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- systemically induced resistancee0
- Value
- at least 4 dayse0
- Qualifier
- induction period of 6 dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For expression of systemically induced resistance an interval of at least 4 days between primary and challenge inoculation was required. The most pronounced effectiveness was found after an induction period of 6 days”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Rust-infected leaf washing fluid reduced TNV disease incidence in bean.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- intercellular washing fluids extracted from rust infected bean leaves (IWF‐R)e0
- Interactor
- TNVunidentified tobacco necrosis viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease incidence of TNVe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Preinfectional treatment with intercellular washing fluids extracted from rust infected bean leaves (IWF‐R) also reduced disease incidence of TNV”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts taken six days after rust inoculation induced the strongest resistance effect.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- most pronounced effect on resistancee0
- Qualifier
- 6 days after rust inoculatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Extracts taken 6 days after rust inoculation induced the most pronounced effect on resistance”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
At least three days between IWF-R application and TNV inoculation was necessary for induced resistance.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Interactor
- TNVunidentified tobacco necrosis viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- induction of resistancee0
- Value
- at least three dayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“For induction of resistance an interval of at least three days between application of IWF‐R and TNV‐inoculation was necessary”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Washing fluid from healthy leaves did not induce TNV resistance.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- IWFs from healthy leaves (IWF‐H)e0
- Interactor
- TNVunidentified tobacco necrosis viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- resistance to TNVe0
- Direction
- did not inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“IWFs from healthy leaves (IWF‐H) did not induce resistance to TNV”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
IWF-R systemic protection reduced TNV disease by an average of 50%.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- IWF‐Re0
- Outcome
- disease reductions of systemic protectione0
- Direction
- reductionse0
- Value
- 50%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The disease reductions of systemic protection by IWF‐R in the untreated primary half leaves and in the trifoliate leaves averaging 50%”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
IWF-R retained resistance-inducing capacity after dilution to one-quarter concentration.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- IWF‐Re0
- Outcome
- resistance‐inducing capacitye0
- Direction
- without appreciable losse0
- Value
- 1/4e0
- Comparator
- original concentratione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The IWF‐R could be diluted to 1/4 of its original concentration without appreciable loss of the resistance‐inducing capacity”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
IWF-R and IWF-H inactivated virus locally in treated leaf areas.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- virus inactivating activitye0
- Qualifier
- restricted to the treated leaf areae0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the IWF‐R and in addition IWF‐H showed virus inactivating activity; this effect was restricted to the treated leaf area”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
IWF application near TNV inoculation markedly reduced local lesions.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- IWFse0
- Interactor
- TNVunidentified tobacco necrosis viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- number of local lesionse0
- Direction
- markedly reducede0
- Qualifier
- either (0–8 h) before or (0–4 h) after TNV inoculatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When IWFs were applied at short time intervals either (0–8 h) before or (0–4 h) after TNV inoculation, the number of local lesions was markedly reduced”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Longer pre- or postinfection intervals significantly diminished IWF activity.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- Increasing the pre‐ or postinfectional time intervalse0
- Outcome
- activitye0
- Direction
- diminishede0
- Qualifier
- 0.5–2 dai or 6–8 hpie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Increasing the pre‐ or postinfectional time intervals (0.5–2 dai or 6–8 hpi) diminished the activity significantly”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
IWF-R efficacy increased at prolonged preinfection intervals, whereas healthy-plant extracts were ineffective.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- prolonged preinfectional time intervalse0
- Outcome
- effectiveness of IWF‐Re0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Qualifier
- 3 and 4 daie0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The effectiveness of IWF‐R increased at prolonged preinfectional time intervals (e.g. 3 and 4 dai) while extracts of healthy plants were ineffective”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
The biphasic activity pattern suggests IWF-R contains agents that inactivate virus and induce resistance.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Interactor
- TNVunidentified tobacco necrosis viruse0pathogen
- Outcome
- reducing virus infectivity and inducing resistance to TNVe0
- Qualifier
- biphasic pattern of activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The biphasic pattern of activity indicates that IWF‐R contains ingredients reducing virus infectivity and inducing resistance to TNV”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Actinomycin D applied with IWF-R prevented resistance induction.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- actinomycin De0
- Outcome
- resistance inducing effect of IWF‐Re0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D and the translation inhibitor cycloheximide were applied simultaneously with IWF‐R 3 dai the resistance inducing effect of IWF‐R was prevented”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Cycloheximide applied with IWF-R prevented resistance induction.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Treatment
- cycloheximidee0
- Outcome
- resistance inducing effect of IWF‐Re0
- Direction
- preventede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When the transcription inhibitor actinomycin D and the translation inhibitor cycloheximide were applied simultaneously with IWF‐R 3 dai the resistance inducing effect of IWF‐R was prevented”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preliminary ultrafiltration limited the size of IWF-R resistance-inducing ingredients to 10–20 kd.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- molecular size of the inducing ingredients of IWF‐Re0
- Value
- 10–20 kde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the molecular size of the inducing ingredients of IWF‐R could be limited to 10–20 kd”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
Claim · model-written summary
Preliminary ultrafiltration limited the size of virus-inactivating compounds to 1–5 kd.
- Taxon
- Phaseolus vulgarisPhaseolus vulgarise1
- Outcome
- virus inactivating compoundse0
- Value
- 1–5 kde0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“those of the virus inactivating compounds to 1–5 kd”
e1“bean plants (Phaseolus vulgaris, cv. Pinto)”
The same questions in other papers
cycloheximide · disease · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- negative
infection · unidentified tobacco necrosis virus · Phaseolus vulgaris (common bean)Results agree
2 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.