Abstract
Resistant plants respond rapidly to invading avirulent plant viruses by triggering a hypersensitive response (HR). An HR is accompanied by a restraint of virus multiplication and programmed cell death (PCD), both of which have been observed in systemic necrosis triggered by a successful viral infection. Here, we analyzed signaling pathways underlying the HR in resistance genotype plants and those leading to systemic necrosis. We show that systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, induced by Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) infection, was associated with PCD, biochemical features, and gene expression patterns that are characteristic of HR. The induction of necrosis caused by PlAMV infection was dependent on SGT1, RAR1, and the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade involving MAPKKKalpha and MEK2. However, although SGT1 and RAR1 silencing led to an increased accumulation of PlAMV, silencing of the MAPKKKalpha-MEK2 cascade did not. This observation indicates that viral multiplication is partly restrained even in systemic necrosis induced by viral infection, and that this restraint requires SGT1 and RAR1 but not the MAPKKKalpha-MEK2 cascade. Similarly, although both SGT1 and MAPKKKalpha were essential for the Rx-mediated HR to Potato virus X (PVX), SGT1 but not MAPKKKalpha was involved in the restraint of PVX multiplication. These results suggest that systemic necrosis and HR consist of PCD and a restraint of virus multiplication, and that the latter is induced through unknown pathways independent from the former.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
PlAMV-induced systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana was associated with HR-like cell death, biochemistry, and gene expression.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamiana
Nicotiana benthamianae0 - Interactor
- Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV)
Plantago asiaticae0pathogen - Outcome
- systemic necrosise0
- Qualifier
- PCD, biochemical features, and gene expression patterns that are characteristic of HRe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“systemic necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana, induced by Plantago asiatica mosaic virus (PlAMV) infection, was associated with PCD, biochemical features, and gene expression patterns that are characteristic of HR”
Claim · model-written summary
SGT1 was required for PlAMV-induced necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- PlAMVe0pathogen
- Gene
- SGT1e0
- Outcome
- induction of necrosise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The induction of necrosis caused by PlAMV infection was dependent on SGT1, RAR1, and the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade involving MAPKKKalpha and MEK2.”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
RAR1 was required for PlAMV-induced necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- PlAMVe0pathogen
- Gene
- RAR1e0
- Outcome
- induction of necrosise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The induction of necrosis caused by PlAMV infection was dependent on SGT1, RAR1, and the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade involving MAPKKKalpha and MEK2.”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
The MAPKKKalpha-MEK2 cascade was required for PlAMV-induced necrosis in Nicotiana benthamiana.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- PlAMVe0pathogen
- Gene
- MAPKKKalpha and MEK2e0
- Outcome
- induction of necrosise0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The induction of necrosis caused by PlAMV infection was dependent on SGT1, RAR1, and the downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade involving MAPKKKalpha and MEK2.”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
SGT1 silencing increased PlAMV accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- SGT1 and RAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- PlAMVe0pathogen
- Gene
- SGT1e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of PlAMVe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SGT1 and RAR1 silencing led to an increased accumulation of PlAMV”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
RAR1 silencing increased PlAMV accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Treatment
- SGT1 and RAR1 silencinge0
- Interactor
- PlAMVe0pathogen
- Gene
- RAR1e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of PlAMVe0
- Direction
- increasede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SGT1 and RAR1 silencing led to an increased accumulation of PlAMV”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPKKKalpha-MEK2 cascade silencing did not increase PlAMV accumulation.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae2
- Treatment
- silencing of the MAPKKKalpha-MEK2 cascadee0
- Interactor
- PlAMVe1pathogen
- Gene
- MAPKKKalpha-MEK2e0
- Outcome
- accumulation of PlAMVe1
- Direction
- did note0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“silencing of the MAPKKKalpha-MEK2 cascade did not”
e1“SGT1 and RAR1 silencing led to an increased accumulation of PlAMV”
e2“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
SGT1 was essential for Rx-mediated HR to PVX.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- Potato virus X (PVX)Potato virus Xe0pathogen
- Gene
- SGT1e0
- Outcome
- Rx-mediated HRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both SGT1 and MAPKKKalpha were essential for the Rx-mediated HR to Potato virus X (PVX)”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPKKKalpha was essential for Rx-mediated HR to PVX.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- Potato virus X (PVX)Potato virus Xe0pathogen
- Gene
- MAPKKKalphae0
- Outcome
- Rx-mediated HRe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both SGT1 and MAPKKKalpha were essential for the Rx-mediated HR to Potato virus X (PVX)”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
SGT1 was involved in restricting PVX multiplication.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe0pathogen
- Gene
- SGT1e0
- Outcome
- restraint of PVX multiplicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SGT1 but not MAPKKKalpha was involved in the restraint of PVX multiplication”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
MAPKKKalpha was not involved in restricting PVX multiplication.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae1
- Interactor
- PVXPotato virus Xe0pathogen
- Gene
- MAPKKKalphae0
- Outcome
- restraint of PVX multiplicatione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SGT1 but not MAPKKKalpha was involved in the restraint of PVX multiplication”
e1“Nicotiana benthamiana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors infer that virus multiplication restraint in systemic necrosis is independent of the pathway inducing cell death.
- Taxon
- Nicotiana benthamianaNicotiana benthamianae2
- Outcome
- restraint of virus multiplicatione1
- Qualifier
- unknown pathways independent from the formere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the latter is induced through unknown pathways independent from the former”
e1“systemic necrosis and HR consist of PCD and a restraint of virus multiplication”
e2“Nicotiana benthamiana”
The same questions in other papers
loss of function · disease · Nicotiana benthamianaPositive and negative results
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