Abstract
Class I chitinase (Chi9) and beta-1,3-glucanase (GluB) genes are expressed in the micropylar endosperm cap of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) seeds just before radicle emergence through this tissue to complete germination. In gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant (gib-1) seeds, expression of Chi9 and GluB mRNA and protein is dependent upon GA. However, as expression occurs relatively late in the germination process, we investigated whether the genes are induced indirectly in response to tissue wounding associated with endosperm cap weakening and radicle protrusion. Wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced Chi9 expression, whereas ethylene, abscisic acid, sodium salicylate, fusicoccin, or beta-aminobutyric acid were without effect. Chi9 expression occurred only in the micropylar tissues when seeds were exposed to MeJA or were wounded at the chalazal end of the seed. Expression of Chi9, but not GluB, mRNA was reduced in germinating seeds of the jasmonate-deficient defenseless1 tomato mutant and could be restored by MeJA treatment. Chi9 expression during germination may be associated with "wounding" from cell wall hydrolysis and weakening in the endosperm cap leading to radicle protrusion, and jasmonate is involved in the signaling pathway for this response. Among these treatments and chemicals (other than GA), only MeJA and wounding induced a low level of GluB expression in gib-1 seeds. However, MeJA, wounding, and particularly ethylene induced both genes in leaves, whereas GA induced only Chi9 in leaves. Although normally expressed simultaneously during tomato seed germination, Chi9 and GluB genes are regulated distinctly and tissue specifically by hormones and wounding.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Chi9 and GluB expression in gib-1 seeds depended on GA.
- Taxon
- tomato
Solanum lycopersicume1 - Material
- gib-1e0
- Gene
- Chi9 and GluBe0
- Outcome
- expression of Chi9 and GluB mRNA and proteine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In gibberellin (GA)-deficient mutant (gib-1) seeds, expression of Chi9 and GluB mRNA and protein is dependent upon GA”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding and MeJA induced Chi9 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Treatment
- Wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)e0
- Gene
- Chi9e0
- Outcome
- Chi9 expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced Chi9 expression”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethylene, abscisic acid, sodium salicylate, fusicoccin and beta-aminobutyric acid had no effect on seed Chi9 expression.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- ethylene, abscisic acid, sodium salicylate, fusicoccin, or beta-aminobutyric acide0
- Outcome
- Chi9 expressione1
- Direction
- without effecte0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ethylene, abscisic acid, sodium salicylate, fusicoccin, or beta-aminobutyric acid were without effect”
e1“Wounding and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) induced Chi9 expression”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Seed MeJA exposure or chalazal wounding restricted Chi9 expression to micropylar tissues.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Organ / stage
- micropylar tissuese0
- Gene
- Chi9e0
- Outcome
- Chi9 expression occurred only in the micropylar tissuese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Chi9 expression occurred only in the micropylar tissues when seeds were exposed to MeJA or were wounded at the chalazal end of the seed”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
Chi9 mRNA was reduced in germinating defenseless1 seeds.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- defenseless1e0
- Gene
- Chi9e0
- Outcome
- Expression of Chi9, but not GluB, mRNAe0
- Direction
- reducede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of Chi9, but not GluB, mRNA was reduced in germinating seeds of the jasmonate-deficient defenseless1 tomato mutant”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJA restored Chi9 mRNA expression in defenseless1 seeds.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume0
- Material
- defenseless1e0
- Treatment
- MeJA treatmente0
- Outcome
- Expression of Chi9e0
- Direction
- restorede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Expression of Chi9, but not GluB, mRNA was reduced in germinating seeds of the jasmonate-deficient defenseless1 tomato mutant and could be restored by MeJA treatment”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJA and wounding each induced low GluB expression in gib-1 seeds.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume1
- Material
- gib-1e0
- Treatment
- MeJA and woundinge0
- Outcome
- GluB expressione0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“only MeJA and wounding induced a low level of GluB expression in gib-1 seeds”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
MeJA, wounding and ethylene induced both genes in leaves.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume2
- Treatment
- MeJA, wounding, and particularly ethylenee0
- Gene
- Chi9 and GluBe1
- Outcome
- both genes in leavese0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“MeJA, wounding, and particularly ethylene induced both genes in leaves”
e1“expression of Chi9 and GluB mRNA and protein is dependent upon GA”
e2“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
Claim · model-written summary
GA induced only Chi9 in leaves.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“GA induced only Chi9 in leaves”
e1“tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum)”
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