Abstract
A long-term field experiment was conducted at the research farm of the All-India Coordinated Research Project for Dryland Agriculture, Phulbani, Orissa, India, from 2001 to 2006 to identify the best integrated nutrient-use treatments for ensuring greater productivity, profitability, sustainability, and improved soil quality in pigeon pea + rice (two rows of pigeon pea followed by five rows of rice alternately) intercropping system. In all, nine treatments, eight comprising integrated nutrient-use practices, chemical fertilizer (CF), farmyard manure (FYM), and green leaf manure (GLM) to supply nitrogen (N) at 45 kg N ha–1 and one farmer's practice equivalent to 25 kg N ha–1 (FYM 5 t ha–1), were tested on a long-term basis. Results of the study revealed that 20 kg N ha–1 (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave maximum mean rice grain yield of 1.52 t ha–1, followed by 20 kg N (GLM) + 25 kg N (urea) with grain yield of 1.51 t ha–1. In the case of pigeon pea, 30 kg N (FYM) +15 kg N (urea) gave maximum pigeon pea grain yield of 0.94 t ha–1, which was 34% greater than the sole application of chemical fertilizer. Pigeon pea grain yield tended to increase with increasing proportion of organic N in FYM + CF or GLM + CF combinations. Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) recorded maximum mean rice equivalent yield of 3.59 t ha–1 and sustainability yield index of 59%. While studying profitability, application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave maximum net returns of US$168.94 ha–1. Impact of treatments on soil quality as assessed in terms of relative soil quality indices (RSQI) increased with increasing proportion of organic sources of N. Using an innovative and new approach, an index of integrated productivity–sustainability–profitability–soil quality performance index (I P,S,Pr,SQ) was computed to make a precise evaluation of the treatments. Based on this index, the order of performance of the treatments was T6 [20 N (FYM) + 25 N (CF)] (7.7) > T7 [30 N (FYM) + 15 N (CF) (6.9)] > T3 [20 N (GL) + 25 N (CF)] (6.8) > T5 [10 N (FYM) + 35 N (CF) (6.6)] > T9 [GL] (6.5) > T8 [CF] (6.2) > T4 [30 N (GL) + 15 N (CF)] (6.0) > T2 [10 N (GL) + 35 N (CF)] (5.7) > T1 [FYM at 5 t ha–1] (4.1). Thus, the results and the methodology adopted in this study using long-term data would be very useful to researchers, farmers, land managers, and other stakeholders not only in India but also across the world under similar climatic and edaphic situations.
Abstract from the paper’s OpenAlex record, shown for indexing and research. Copyright remains with the authors or the publisher. Read at the source ↗
The text the model read, with the source record’s inline markup (italics, sub- and superscripts) rendered and its character entities decoded; quote offsets refer to the raw text.
Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment 20 kg N ha–1 (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave the maximum mean rice grain yield, 1.52 t ha–1.
- Taxon
- rice
Oryza sativae0 - Treatment
- 20 kg N ha–1 (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF)e0
- Outcome
- rice grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 1.52 t ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“20 kg N ha–1 (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave maximum mean rice grain yield of 1.52 t ha–1”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment 20 kg N (GLM) + 25 kg N (urea) gave a rice grain yield of 1.51 t ha–1, second to the maximum.
- Taxon
- riceOryza sativae1
- Treatment
- 20 kg N (GLM) + 25 kg N (urea)e0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- lowerinferrede0
- Value
- 1.51 t ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“followed by 20 kg N (GLM) + 25 kg N (urea) with grain yield of 1.51 t ha–1”
e1“rice grain yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Treatment 30 kg N (FYM) + 15 kg N (urea) gave the maximum pigeon pea grain yield, 0.94 t ha–1.
- Taxon
- pigeon pea
Cajanus cajane0 - Treatment
- 30 kg N (FYM) +15 kg N (urea)e0
- Outcome
- pigeon pea grain yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 0.94 t ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30 kg N (FYM) +15 kg N (urea) gave maximum pigeon pea grain yield of 0.94 t ha–1”
Claim · model-written summary
The best pigeon pea treatment (30 kg N FYM + 15 kg N urea) yielded 34% more than sole chemical fertilizer.
- Taxon
- pigeon peaCajanus cajane0
- Treatment
- 30 kg N (FYM) +15 kg N (urea)e0
- Outcome
- pigeon pea grain yielde0
- Direction
- greatere0
- Value
- 34%e0
- Comparator
- sole application of chemical fertilizere0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“30 kg N (FYM) +15 kg N (urea) gave maximum pigeon pea grain yield of 0.94 t ha–1, which was 34% greater than the sole application of chemical fertilizer”
Claim · model-written summary
Pigeon pea grain yield tended to increase with an increasing proportion of organic N in FYM + CF or GLM + CF combinations.
- Taxon
- Pigeon peaCajanus cajane0
- Treatment
- proportion of organic N in FYM + CF or GLM + CF combinationse0
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Pigeon pea grain yield tended to increase with increasing proportion of organic N in FYM + CF or GLM + CF combinations”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) recorded the maximum mean rice equivalent yield, 3.59 t ha–1, in the pigeon pea + rice system.
- Taxon
- Pigeon pea + RiceCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea)e0
- Outcome
- rice equivalent yielde0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 3.59 t ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) recorded maximum mean rice equivalent yield of 3.59 t ha–1”
t0“Pigeon pea + Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) recorded the maximum sustainability yield index, 59%.
- Taxon
- Pigeon pea + RiceCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea)e0
- Outcome
- sustainability yield indexe0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- 59%e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (urea) recorded maximum mean rice equivalent yield of 3.59 t ha–1 and sustainability yield index of 59%”
t0“Pigeon pea + Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave the maximum net returns, US$168.94 ha–1.
- Taxon
- Pigeon pea + RiceCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF)e0
- Outcome
- net returnse0
- Direction
- maximume0
- Value
- US$168.94 ha–1e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“application of 20 kg N (FYM) + 25 kg N (CF) gave maximum net returns of US$168.94 ha–1”
t0“Pigeon pea + Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil quality, assessed by relative soil quality indices (RSQI), increased with an increasing proportion of organic N sources.
- Taxon
- Pigeon pea + RiceCajanus cajant0
- Treatment
- proportion of organic sources of Ne0
- Outcome
- relative soil quality indices (RSQI)e0
- Direction
- increasede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“relative soil quality indices (RSQI) increased with increasing proportion of organic sources of N”
t0“Pigeon pea + Rice”
Claim · model-written summary
On the integrated productivity-sustainability-profitability-soil quality performance index, T6 [20 N (FYM) + 25 N (CF)] ranked highest (7.7) and T1 [FYM at 5 t ha–1] lowest (4.1).
Verbatim
e0“an index of integrated productivity–sustainability–profitability–soil quality performance index”
e1“the order of performance of the treatments was T6 [20 N (FYM) + 25 N (CF)] (7.7)”
e2“T1 [FYM at 5 t ha–1]”
The same questions in other papers
nitrogen · yield · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Positive and negative results
31 papers in the same direction as this paper · 4 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- negative
- no effect
- negative
33 papers more in this group
See all 37 papers →fertilization · yield · Cajanus cajan (pigeon pea)Positive and negative results
158 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- no effect
- no effect
162 papers more in this group
See all 166 papers →nitrogen · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
1,802 papers in the same direction as this paper · 193 in the opposite direction · 49 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
2,041 papers more in this group
See all 2,045 papers →fertilization · yield · Oryza sativa (rice)Positive and negative results
3,182 papers in the same direction as this paper · 207 in the opposite direction · 65 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- positive
- no effect
3,451 papers more in this group
See all 3,455 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.