Abstract
We investigated indirect defense in the yellow starthistle ( Centaurea solstitialis )–grey garden slug ( Deroceras reticulatum )–ground beetle ( Pterostichus melanarius and Scaphinotus interruptus ) system. In this host plant/herbivore/predator system, the ground beetles are the primary predator of D. reticulatum , the dominant herbivore of the highly invasive weed, C. solstitialis . The aim of our study was to examine the behavioral responses of two species of ground beetle to olfactory stimuli emitted from yellow starthistle damaged by D. reticulatum . The beetle P. melanarius showed a significant preference for the odor of damaged yellow starthistle relative to the odor of intact plants, while S. interruptus did not. Volatiles from D. reticulatum -damaged yellow starthistle were collected and identified as trans - β -farnesene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene. No quantitative relationship was observed between beetle plant choice or decision time and the level of herbivory. Similarly, there was no relationship between volatile compound relative abundance and level of herbivory, suggesting that our range of leaf damage produces either undetectable semiochemicals or no variation in volatile emission.
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
P. melanarius preferred damaged yellow starthistle odor over intact plant odor.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistle
Centaurea solstitialise0 - Interactor
- P. melanarius
Pterostichus melanariuse0other - Outcome
- preference for the odor of damaged yellow starthistlee0
- Direction
- preferencee0
- Comparator
- odor of intact plantse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The beetle P. melanarius showed a significant preference for the odor of damaged yellow starthistle relative to the odor of intact plants”
Claim · model-written summary
S. interruptus showed no preference for damaged yellow starthistle odor.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialist0
- Interactor
- S. interruptus
Scaphinotus interruptuse0other - Outcome
- did note0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“while S. interruptus did not”
t0“yellow starthistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Damaged starthistle emitted trans-β-farnesene, germacrene D, and bicyclogermacrene.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialise0
- Interactor
- D. reticulatum
Deroceras reticulatume0herbivore - Outcome
- trans - β -farnesene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrenee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Volatiles from D. reticulatum -damaged yellow starthistle were collected and identified as trans - β -farnesene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene”
Claim · model-written summary
Damaged starthistle emitted 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialise0
- Interactor
- D. reticulatumDeroceras reticulatume0herbivore
- Outcome
- 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatrienee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Volatiles from D. reticulatum -damaged yellow starthistle were collected and identified as trans - β -farnesene, germacrene D, bicyclogermacrene, and 1,5,9-trimethyl-1,5,9-cyclododecatriene”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetle plant choice was unrelated to herbivory level.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialist0
- Interactor
- beetlee0other
- Outcome
- beetle plant choicee0
- Direction
- No quantitative relationshipe0
- Qualifier
- level of herbivorye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No quantitative relationship was observed between beetle plant choice or decision time and the level of herbivory”
t0“yellow starthistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Beetle decision time was unrelated to herbivory level.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialist0
- Interactor
- beetlee0other
- Outcome
- decision timee0
- Direction
- No quantitative relationshipe0
- Qualifier
- level of herbivorye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“No quantitative relationship was observed between beetle plant choice or decision time and the level of herbivory”
t0“yellow starthistle”
Claim · model-written summary
Volatile relative abundance was unrelated to herbivory level.
- Taxon
- yellow starthistleCentaurea solstitialist0
- Outcome
- volatile compound relative abundancee0
- Direction
- no relationshipe0
- Qualifier
- level of herbivorye0
Not reportedOrgan / stage
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“there was no relationship between volatile compound relative abundance and level of herbivory”
t0“yellow starthistle”