Abstract
Most plant oxylipins, a large class of diverse oxygenated polyunsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives, are produced through the lipoxygenase (LOX) pathway. Recent progress in dicots has highlighted the biological roles of oxylipins in plant defence responses to pathogens and pests. By contrast, the physiological function of LOXs and their metabolites in monocots is poorly understood. Two maize LOXs, ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11 that share >90% amino acid sequence identity but are localized on different chromosomes, were cloned and characterized. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11 cluster together with well-characterized plastidic type 2 linoleate 13-LOXs from diverse plant species. Regio-specificity analysis of recombinant ZmLOX10 protein overexpressed in Escherichia coli proved it to be a linoleate 13-LOX with a pH optimum at approximately pH 8.0. Both predicted proteins contain putative transit peptides for chloroplast import. ZmLOX10 was preferentially expressed in leaves and was induced in response to wounding, cold stress, defence-related hormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and inoculation with an avirulent strain of Cochliobolus carbonum. These data suggested a role for this gene in maize adaptation to abiotic stresses and defence responses against pathogens and pests. ZmLOX11 was preferentially expressed in silks and was induced in leaves only by ABA, indicating its possible involvement in responses to osmotic stress. In leaves, mRNA accumulation of ZmLOX10 is strictly regulated by a circadian rhythm, with maximal expression coinciding temporally with the highest photosynthetic activity. This study reveals the evolutionary divergence of physiological roles for relatively recently duplicated genes. Possible physiological functions of these 13-LOXs are suggested.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11 share over 90% amino acid sequence identity but lie on different chromosomes.
- Gene
- ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11e0
- Outcome
- amino acid sequence identitye0
- Value
- >90%e0
- Qualifier
- different chromosomese0
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two maize LOXs, ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11 that share >90% amino acid sequence identity but are localized on different chromosomes”
Claim · model-written summary
The two LOXs cluster with plastidic type 2 linoleate 13-LOXs.
- Gene
- ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11e0
- Outcome
- cluster together with well-characterized plastidic type 2 linoleate 13-LOXse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmLOX10 and ZmLOX11 cluster together with well-characterized plastidic type 2 linoleate 13-LOXs from diverse plant species”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Recombinant ZmLOX10 is a linoleate 13-LOX with a pH optimum near 8.0.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Regio-specificity analysis of recombinant ZmLOX10 protein overexpressed in Escherichia coli proved it to be a linoleate 13-LOX with a pH optimum at approximately pH 8.0.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Both predicted proteins have putative chloroplast transit peptides.
- Outcome
- putative transit peptides for chloroplast importe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Both predicted proteins contain putative transit peptides for chloroplast import.”
t0“maize 13-lipoxygenase genes”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmLOX10 expression is preferential in leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmLOX10 was preferentially expressed in leaves”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Wounding induces ZmLOX10.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmLOX10 was preferentially expressed in leaves and was induced in response to wounding”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Cold stress induces ZmLOX10.
Not reportedGeneComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was induced in response to wounding, cold stress”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid, salicylic acid, and abscisic acid each induce ZmLOX10.
- Treatment
- defence-related hormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA)e0
- Outcome
- was inducede0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was induced in response to wounding, cold stress, defence-related hormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA)”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation with an avirulent Cochliobolus carbonum strain induces ZmLOX10.
- Treatment
- inoculation with an avirulent strain of Cochliobolus carbonume0
- Interactor
- Cochliobolus carbonum
Bipolaris zeicolae0pathogen - Outcome
- was inducede0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“was induced in response to wounding, cold stress, defence-related hormones jasmonic acid (JA), salicylic acid (SA), and abscisic acid (ABA), and inoculation with an avirulent strain of Cochliobolus carbonum.”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmLOX11 expression is preferential in silks.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmLOX11 was preferentially expressed in silks”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ABA alone induced ZmLOX11 in leaves.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Treatment
- ABAe0
- Gene
- ZmLOX11e0
- Outcome
- ZmLOX11 was preferentially expressede0
- Direction
- inducede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“ZmLOX11 was preferentially expressed in silks and was induced in leaves only by ABA”
t0“maize”
Claim · model-written summary
ZmLOX10 leaf mRNA follows a circadian rhythm with maximal expression at peak photosynthetic activity.
- Organ / stage
- leavese0
- Gene
- ZmLOX10e0
- Outcome
- mRNA accumulation of ZmLOX10e0
- Direction
- maximale0
- Qualifier
- highest photosynthetic activitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“In leaves, mRNA accumulation of ZmLOX10 is strictly regulated by a circadian rhythm, with maximal expression coinciding temporally with the highest photosynthetic activity.”
t0“maize”
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