Abstract
This paper presents the findings of two studies - one conducted on foraging behaviour of Himalayan honeybee (Apis cerana F.) on flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) in November 2001 to 2002 and another on its impact on the grain quality and yield increment of this crop conducted during 2000-2002 under different pollination treatments at Kirtipur, Kathmandu valley. Apis cerana bees started their foraging activities early in the morning (06.14 ± 0.004) and ceased late in the evening (17.28 ± 0.011). Total duration of foraging activity was 10:00 h and the average duration of foraging trip was 4.5 ± 0.14 min. Two peaks of foraging activities were observed between 08.30 to 10.30 (Peak I) and 11.30 to 13.30 O' clock (Peak II). The peak I period was the main foraging period and peak II was the second foraging period, both were very useful from the pollination point of view. After this, Apis cerana activity slowly diminished to a stand still at 17.30 pm. The time spent by Apis cerana on the buckwheat inflorescence at different hours of the day 09.00, 12.00, 15.00 O' clock showed longest (24 ± 3 min) in the morning and it decreased as the afternoon approached. This study revealed that Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set in terms of the total number of grains per plant (169.76 ± 4.10), grain weight (33.03 ± 0.26 g) and grain yield (4.40 ± 0.12 g). It also increased the value of fertility (16.08 ± 0.21) and harvest index (35.32 ± 0.35) when compared with Control pollination/excluding all the insects (CP) and Open pollination (OP) treatment. This is mainly due to greater number of pollinators in the Bee pollination (BP) treatment, their longer duration of foraging and also due to superior pollinating efficiency of Apis cerana bees. Key words: Apis cerana, F. beekeeping, buckwheat, fertility, foraging, harvest index, pollination, Kathmandu valley. doi: 10.3126/eco.v15i0.1940 ECOPRINT 15: 37-46, 2008
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Apis cerana foraged from 06.14 to 17.28.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Interactor
- Apis cerana
Apis ceranae0pollinator - Outcome
- foraging activitiese0
- Value
- 06.14 ± 0.004e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apis cerana bees started their foraging activities early in the morning (06.14 ± 0.004) and ceased late in the evening (17.28 ± 0.011).”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Foraging lasted 10:00 h, and trips averaged 4.5 ± 0.14 min.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae2pollinatore0
- Outcome
- foraging activitye0
- Value
- 10:00 he0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Total duration of foraging activity was 10:00 h and the average duration of foraging trip was 4.5 ± 0.14 min.”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Two foraging peaks occurred at 08.30–10.30 and 11.30–13.30.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae2pollinatore0
- Outcome
- peaks of foraging activitiese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Two peaks of foraging activities were observed between 08.30 to 10.30 (Peak I) and 11.30 to 13.30 O' clock (Peak II).”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Time on buckwheat inflorescences was longest in the morning and declined into afternoon.
- Taxon
- buckwheate0
- Organ / stage
- inflorescencee0
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae0pollinator
- Outcome
- time spent by Apis cerana on the buckwheat inflorescencee0
- Direction
- decreasede0
- Value
- 24 ± 3 mine0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The time spent by Apis cerana on the buckwheat inflorescence at different hours of the day 09.00, 12.00, 15.00 O' clock showed longest (24 ± 3 min) in the morning and it decreased as the afternoon approached.”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee pollination increased buckwheat grains per plant to 169.76 ± 4.10.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Treatment
- Apis cerana bee pollinatione0
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae0pollinator
- Outcome
- total number of grains per plante0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 169.76 ± 4.10e0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set in terms of the total number of grains per plant (169.76 ± 4.10), grain weight (33.03 ± 0.26 g) and grain yield (4.40 ± 0.12 g).”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee pollination increased buckwheat grain weight to 33.03 ± 0.26 g.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Treatment
- Apis cerana bee pollinatione0
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae0pollinator
- Outcome
- grain weighte0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 33.03 ± 0.26 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set in terms of the total number of grains per plant (169.76 ± 4.10), grain weight (33.03 ± 0.26 g) and grain yield (4.40 ± 0.12 g).”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee pollination increased buckwheat grain yield to 4.40 ± 0.12 g.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Treatment
- Apis cerana bee pollinatione0
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae0pollinator
- Outcome
- grain yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 4.40 ± 0.12 ge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set in terms of the total number of grains per plant (169.76 ± 4.10), grain weight (33.03 ± 0.26 g) and grain yield (4.40 ± 0.12 g).”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee pollination increased fertility to 16.08 ± 0.21 against control and open pollination.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Treatment
- Bee pollinatione2
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae2pollinatore0
- Outcome
- fertilitye0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 16.08 ± 0.21e0
- Comparator
- Control pollination/excluding all the insects (CP) and Open pollination (OP) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased the value of fertility (16.08 ± 0.21) and harvest index (35.32 ± 0.35) when compared with Control pollination/excluding all the insects (CP) and Open pollination (OP) treatment.”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
Claim · model-written summary
Bee pollination increased harvest index to 35.32 ± 0.35 against control and open pollination.
- Taxon
- buckwheate1
- Treatment
- Bee pollinatione2
- Interactor
- Apis ceranaApis ceranae2pollinatore0
- Outcome
- harvest indexe0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- 35.32 ± 0.35e0
- Comparator
- Control pollination/excluding all the insects (CP) and Open pollination (OP) treatmente0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“It also increased the value of fertility (16.08 ± 0.21) and harvest index (35.32 ± 0.35) when compared with Control pollination/excluding all the insects (CP) and Open pollination (OP) treatment.”
t0“Fagopyrum esculentum M.”
e1“flowering buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)”
e2“Apis cerana bee pollination increased grain set”
The same questions in other papers
pollination · yield · Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat)Positive and negative results
2 papers in the same direction as this paper · 1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
- positive
- positive
pollination · Apis cerana · Fagopyrum esculentum (common buckwheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.