Abstract
The signalling pathways mediating defence responses induced in suspension cultures of ginseng, Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, by the plant cell wall‐derived elicitor oligogalacturonic acid (OGA), were investigated. OGA induced the rapid generation and release of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 , potentially via an NADPH oxidase‐like enzyme. In addition, OGA elicited the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and the defence compound saponin, and expression of genes encoding squalene synthase (SQS; EC 2.5.1.21) and squalene epoxidase (SQE; EC 1.14.99.7), key enzymes of saponin biosynthesis. H 2 O 2 and JA also induced saponin accumulation and transcription of sqs and sqe . The accumulation of JA, but not that of H 2 O 2 , was inhibited by an inhibitor of JA biosynthesis, whereas the accumulation of both H 2 O 2 and JA were inhibited by treatments that removed H 2 O 2 or inhibited its production. Moreover, H 2 O 2 stimulated JA accumulation, but JA treatment had no effect on H 2 O 2 generation. These data place H 2 O 2 and JA as early signalling intermediaries in the cellular responses mediating saponin biosynthesis in response to OGA, and position H 2 O 2 upstream of JA. Inhibitors of calcium fluxes and protein phosphorylation inhibited all responses to some extent, indicating the requirements for a protein kinase and calcium in at least one step in the signal cascade leading to saponin accumulation.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
OGA rapidly induced hydrogen peroxide generation and release.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer
Panax ginsenge0 - Treatment
- OGAe1
- Gene
- NADPH oxidase‐like enzymee1
- Outcome
- rapid generation and release of hydrogen peroxidee1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“OGA induced the rapid generation and release of hydrogen peroxide, H 2 O 2 , potentially via an NADPH oxidase‐like enzyme.”
Claim · model-written summary
OGA elicited jasmonic acid and saponin accumulation.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- OGAe1
- Outcome
- accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and the defence compound saponine1
- Direction
- elicitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“OGA elicited the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and the defence compound saponin”
Claim · model-written summary
OGA induced expression of SQS and SQE biosynthesis genes.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- OGAe1
- Outcome
- expression of genes encoding squalene synthase (SQS; EC 2.5.1.21) and squalene epoxidase (SQE; EC 1.14.99.7)e1
- Direction
- elicitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“OGA elicited the accumulation of jasmonic acid (JA) and the defence compound saponin, and expression of genes encoding squalene synthase (SQS; EC 2.5.1.21) and squalene epoxidase (SQE; EC 1.14.99.7)”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide induced saponin accumulation and sqs and sqe transcription.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- H 2 O 2e1
- Outcome
- saponin accumulation and transcription of sqs and sqee1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“H 2 O 2 and JA also induced saponin accumulation and transcription of sqs and sqe .”
Claim · model-written summary
Jasmonic acid induced saponin accumulation and sqs and sqe transcription.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- JAe1
- Outcome
- saponin accumulation and transcription of sqs and sqee1
- Direction
- inducede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“H 2 O 2 and JA also induced saponin accumulation and transcription of sqs and sqe .”
Claim · model-written summary
A JA biosynthesis inhibitor suppressed JA accumulation but not hydrogen peroxide accumulation.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- an inhibitor of JA biosynthesise1
- Outcome
- accumulation of JAe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“The accumulation of JA, but not that of H 2 O 2 , was inhibited by an inhibitor of JA biosynthesis”
Claim · model-written summary
Removing or blocking hydrogen peroxide inhibited both hydrogen peroxide and JA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- treatments that removed H 2 O 2 or inhibited its productione1
- Outcome
- accumulation of both H 2 O 2 and JAe1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“the accumulation of both H 2 O 2 and JA were inhibited by treatments that removed H 2 O 2 or inhibited its production”
Claim · model-written summary
Hydrogen peroxide stimulated JA accumulation.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- H 2 O 2e1
- Outcome
- JA accumulatione1
- Direction
- stimulatede1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“H 2 O 2 stimulated JA accumulation”
Claim · model-written summary
JA treatment did not affect hydrogen peroxide generation.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- JA treatmente1
- Outcome
- H 2 O 2 generatione1
- Direction
- no effecte1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“JA treatment had no effect on H 2 O 2 generation”
Claim · model-written summary
Inhibitors of calcium flux and protein phosphorylation inhibited the responses.
- Taxon
- Panax ginseng C. A. MeyerPanax ginsenge0
- Treatment
- Inhibitors of calcium fluxes and protein phosphorylatione1
- Outcome
- all responsese1
- Direction
- inhibitede1
- Qualifier
- to some extente1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer”
e1“Inhibitors of calcium fluxes and protein phosphorylation inhibited all responses to some extent”
The same questions in other papers
hydrogen peroxide · physiology: oxidative · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- positive
jasmonic acid · molecular: expression · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Positive and negative results
1 in the opposite direction
- no effect
hydrogen peroxide · molecular: expression · Panax ginseng (ginseng)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.