Abstract
Variations in ectomycorrhizal (EcM) short root tips of Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland were studied, and their relationships with latitude, organic layer C:N ratio, temperature sum and foliage biomass were determined. There were no significant differences in EcM root tip frequency (number per milligram of fine roots) or root tip mass between tree species or between northern and southern sites. The EcM root tip number per unit area of the organic layer plus the 0-30 cm mineral soil layer varied between 0.8 and 2.4 million per m(2) for Norway spruce and between 0.7 and 2.9 million per m(2) for Scots pine, and it was higher in the northern Scots pine stands than in the southern Scots pine stands. Over 80% of the EcM root tips of both species were in the organic layer and the upper 0-10 cm mineral soil layer. We related EcM root tips to foliage mass because these two components are the most important functional units in boreal tree physiology. Both species, especially the Scots pine trees, had more EcM root tips in relation to foliage mass in northern Finland than in southern Finland. Scots pine trees had more EcM root tips in relation to foliage mass than Norway spruce in the same climatic region. The EcM root tip:foliage biomass ratio of Norway spruce was positively related to the C:N ratio in the organic layer, whereas that of Scots pine was negatively related to the temperature sum. The number of EcM root tips per milligram of fine root biomass was constant, implying that trees of both species increase nutrient uptake by increasing fine root production and hence their total number of EcM tips and the area of soil occupied by mycelia. Both tree species responded to nitrogen (N) deficiency by maintaining more EcM tips per foliage unit, and this may be related to a higher proportion of N uptake in an organic form.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Ectomycorrhizal root tip frequency and mass did not differ significantly between tree species or between northern and southern sites.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine
Picea abies
Pinus sylvestrise0 - Outcome
- EcM root tip frequencye1
- Setting
- northern and southern sitese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e1“There were no significant differences in EcM root tip frequency (number per milligram of fine roots) or root tip mass between tree species or between northern and southern sites”
Claim · model-written summary
Norway spruce EcM root tip number per unit area varied between 0.8 and 2.4 million per m2.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese3
- Organ / stage
- organic layer plus the 0-30 cm mineral soil layere3
- Outcome
- EcM root tip number per unit areae3
- Value
- 0.8 and 2.4 million per m(2)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e3“The EcM root tip number per unit area of the organic layer plus the 0-30 cm mineral soil layer varied between 0.8 and 2.4 million per m(2) for Norway spruce and between 0.7 and 2.9 million per m(2) for Scots pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Scots pine EcM root tip number per unit area varied between 0.7 and 2.9 million per m2.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise3
- Organ / stage
- organic layer plus the 0-30 cm mineral soil layere3
- Outcome
- EcM root tip number per unit areae3
- Value
- 0.7 and 2.9 million per m(2)e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e3“The EcM root tip number per unit area of the organic layer plus the 0-30 cm mineral soil layer varied between 0.8 and 2.4 million per m(2) for Norway spruce and between 0.7 and 2.9 million per m(2) for Scots pine”
Claim · model-written summary
Scots pine EcM root tip number per unit area was higher in northern than in southern stands.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise0
- Outcome
- EcM root tip number per unit areae3
- Direction
- highere4
- Comparator
- southern Scots pine standse4
- Setting
- northern Scots pine standse4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e3“The EcM root tip number per unit area of the organic layer plus the 0-30 cm mineral soil layer varied between 0.8 and 2.4 million per m(2) for Norway spruce and between 0.7 and 2.9 million per m(2) for Scots pine”
e4“it was higher in the northern Scots pine stands than in the southern Scots pine stands”
Claim · model-written summary
Over 80% of EcM root tips of both species were in the organic layer and the upper 0-10 cm mineral soil layer.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pinePicea abiesPinus sylvestrise0
- Organ / stage
- organic layer and the upper 0-10 cm mineral soil layere5
- Outcome
- EcM root tipse5
- Value
- Over 80%e5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e5“Over 80% of the EcM root tips of both species were in the organic layer and the upper 0-10 cm mineral soil layer”
Claim · model-written summary
Scots pine had more EcM root tips per foliage mass in northern than in southern Finland.
- Taxon
- Scots pine treesPinus sylvestrise6
- Outcome
- EcM root tips in relation to foliage masse6
- Direction
- moree6
- Comparator
- southern Finlande6
- Setting
- northern Finlande6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Both species, especially the Scots pine trees, had more EcM root tips in relation to foliage mass in northern Finland than in southern Finland”
Claim · model-written summary
Scots pine had more EcM root tips per foliage mass than Norway spruce in the same climatic region.
- Taxon
- Scots pine treesPinus sylvestrise7
- Outcome
- EcM root tips in relation to foliage masse7
- Direction
- moree7
- Comparator
- Norway sprucee7
- Setting
- same climatic regione7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Scots pine trees had more EcM root tips in relation to foliage mass than Norway spruce in the same climatic region”
Claim · model-written summary
The EcM root tip to foliage biomass ratio of Norway spruce increased with the organic-layer C:N ratio.
- Taxon
- Norway sprucePicea abiese1
- Outcome
- EcM root tip:foliage biomass ratioe1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Setting
- C:N ratio in the organic layere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The EcM root tip:foliage biomass ratio of Norway spruce was positively related to the C:N ratio in the organic layer”
Claim · model-written summary
The EcM root tip to foliage biomass ratio of Scots pine decreased with temperature sum.
- Taxon
- Scots pinePinus sylvestrise2
- Outcome
- EcM root tip:foliage biomass ratioe1
- Direction
- decreaseinferrede2
- Setting
- temperature sume2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“The EcM root tip:foliage biomass ratio of Norway spruce was positively related to the C:N ratio in the organic layer”
e2“whereas that of Scots pine was negatively related to the temperature sum”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of EcM root tips per milligram of fine root biomass was constant.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pinePicea abiesPinus sylvestrise0
- Outcome
- number of EcM root tips per milligram of fine root biomasse1
- Direction
- was constante1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e1“The number of EcM root tips per milligram of fine root biomass was constant”
Claim · model-written summary
Both tree species maintained more EcM tips per foliage unit under nitrogen deficiency.
- Taxon
- Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pinePicea abiesPinus sylvestrise0
- Treatment
- nitrogen (N) deficiencye1
- Outcome
- EcM tips per foliage unite1
- Direction
- moree1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) in 16 stands throughout Finland”
e1“Both tree species responded to nitrogen (N) deficiency by maintaining more EcM tips per foliage unit”