Abstract
An epidemic of Verticillium wilt, which occurred in the Niagara Peninsula in 1940, involved many hosts, from seven of which the fungus was isolated; the isolates were compared with respect to cultural characters and pathogenicity. Although the isolates varied slightly in morphology and pathogenicity, they are all referred to Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B.A considerable residuum of inoculum was demonstrated in the soil in May, 1941, following the 1940 epidemic. The optimum temperature for vegetative growth of the fungus is about 24 °C. which closely approximates the optimum for disease incidence. Wilt symptoms appear slightly sooner and the temperature range of heavy disease incidence is broader (18° to 29 °C.) at high than at optimum soil moisture (21° to 27 °C.). The fungus persisted and was equally aggressive after three months in fine sandy loam, medium clay loam, and red clay loam under cropped and fallow conditions, except when the soil was fallow and dry during the period. Growing a susceptible host in infested soil for three months did not influence the activity of Verticillium more than did an immune host. Inoculum in a resting condition must be incorporated in moist soil a few days before it can readily infect plants. The addition of green plant residues and two organic acids caused a slight suppression of fungous activity.Air and soil temperatures and precipitation for May, June, July, and August for 1939, 1940, 1941, and 1942 have been examined. It was found that soil temperatures high enough for disease development are not likely to be encountered before late June and then the disease developed seriously only when the soil moisture was uniformly high during the months of May, June, and July. The relative infrequency of serious outbreaks of Verticillium wilt on the Niagara Peninsula thus appears to be due to the low soil moisture that ordinarily pertains during that part of the growing season when soil temperatures are high enough to favour the fungus.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Isolates from seven hosts varied slightly in morphology and pathogenicity but were all referred to Verticillium albo-atrum.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrum
Verticillium albo-atrume0 - Outcome
- varied slightly in morphology and pathogenicitye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Although the isolates varied slightly in morphology and pathogenicity, they are all referred to Verticillium albo-atrum”
Claim · model-written summary
A considerable residuum of inoculum was demonstrated in the soil in May 1941 following the 1940 Verticillium wilt epidemic.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Outcome
- considerable residuum of inoculume0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“considerable residuum of inoculum was demonstrated in the soil in May, 1941, following the 1940 epidemic”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The optimum temperature for vegetative growth of the fungus is about 24 C, which closely approximates the optimum for disease incidence.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Outcome
- optimum temperature for vegetative growthe0
- Value
- 24 °Ce0
- Qualifier
- closely approximates the optimum for disease incidencee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The optimum temperature for vegetative growth of the fungus is about 24 °C. which closely approximates the optimum for disease incidence”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Wilt symptoms appeared slightly sooner at high than at optimum soil moisture.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- Wilt symptoms appeare0
- Direction
- soonere0
- Comparator
- optimum soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wilt symptoms appear slightly sooner and the temperature range of heavy disease incidence is broader (18° to 29 °C.) at high than at optimum soil moisture (21° to 27 °C.)”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The temperature range of heavy disease incidence was broader (18 to 29 C) at high soil moisture than at optimum soil moisture (21 to 27 C).
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisturee0
- Outcome
- temperature range of heavy disease incidencee0
- Direction
- broadere0
- Value
- 18° to 29 °C.e0
- Qualifier
- 21° to 27 °C.e0
- Comparator
- optimum soil moisturee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Wilt symptoms appear slightly sooner and the temperature range of heavy disease incidence is broader (18° to 29 °C.) at high than at optimum soil moisture (21° to 27 °C.)”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The fungus persisted and was equally aggressive after three months in three soil types under cropped and fallow conditions, except when the soil was fallow and dry.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Outcome
- persisted and was equally aggressivee0
- Qualifier
- except when the soil was fallow and drye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The fungus persisted and was equally aggressive after three months in fine sandy loam, medium clay loam, and red clay loam under cropped and fallow conditions, except when the soil was fallow and dry during the period”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Growing a susceptible host in infested soil for three months did not influence Verticillium activity more than an immune host did.
Verbatim
e0“Growing a susceptible host in infested soil for three months did not influence the activity of Verticillium more than did an immune host”
Claim · model-written summary
Resting inoculum must be incorporated in moist soil a few days before it can readily infect plants.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Outcome
- readily infect plantse0
- Qualifier
- incorporated in moist soil a few days beforee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Inoculum in a resting condition must be incorporated in moist soil a few days before it can readily infect plants”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Addition of green plant residues and two organic acids caused a slight suppression of fungal activity.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Treatment
- addition of green plant residues and two organic acidse0
- Outcome
- fungous activitye0
- Direction
- slight suppressione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The addition of green plant residues and two organic acids caused a slight suppression of fungous activity”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil temperatures high enough for Verticillium wilt development are not likely to be reached before late June.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Outcome
- soil temperatures high enough for disease developmente0
- Qualifier
- not likely to be encountered before late Junee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“soil temperatures high enough for disease development are not likely to be encountered before late June”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The disease developed seriously only when soil moisture was uniformly high during May, June and July.
- Taxon
- Verticillium albo-atrumVerticillium albo-atrumt0
- Treatment
- soil moisture was uniformly highe0
- Outcome
- disease developed seriouslye0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the disease developed seriously only when the soil moisture was uniformly high during the months of May, June, and July”
t0“VERTICILLIUM ALBO-ATRUM”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors attribute the infrequency of serious Verticillium wilt outbreaks on the Niagara Peninsula to low soil moisture during the part of the season when soil temperatures favour the fungus.
- Taxon
- VerticilliumVerticilliume0
- Outcome
- relative infrequency of serious outbreakse0
- Qualifier
- low soil moisturee0
- Setting
- Niagara Peninsulae0
Verbatim
e0“The relative infrequency of serious outbreaks of Verticillium wilt on the Niagara Peninsula thus appears to be due to the low soil moisture that ordinarily pertains during that part of the growing season when soil temperatures are high enough to favour the fungus”