Abstract
Summary Local infection with a necrotizing pathogen can render plants resistant to subsequent infection by normally virulent pathogens. A system for biological induction of such systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in Arabidopsis thaliana is reported. When plants were immunized by local inoculation of a single leaf with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) carrying the avrRpt2 avirulence gene, after 2 days other leaves became resistant, as measured symptomatically and by in planta bacterial growth, to challenge with a virulent Pst strain lacking this avirulence gene. Resistance was systemic and protected the plants against infection by other virulent pathogens including P. syringae pv. maculicola. Low‐dose inoculation induced a strong SAR and double immunizations did not increase the level of protection indicating that the response of only a few cells to the immunizing bacteria is required. SAR was not induced by the virulent strain of Pst lacking avrRpt2. However, experiments with the Arabidopsis RPS2 disease resistance gene mutant rps2‐201 , which does not exhibit a local hypersensitive response to Pst carrying the corresponding avirulence gene avrRpt2 , indicate that a hypersensitive response contributes to, but is not essential for, the induction of SAR. Thus, avrRpt2 activates either a branching signal pathway or separate parallel pathways for induction of localized hypersensitive resistance and SAR, with downstream potentiation of the systemic response by the local response. Using this system for the biological induction of SAR in Arabidopsis , it should be possible to dissect the molecular genetics of SAR by the isolation of mutants affected in the production, transmission, perception and transduction of the systemic signal(s).
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Avirulent Pst inoculation induced resistance to virulent Pst in other leaves after two days.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- local inoculation of a single leaf with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst)e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato
Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomatoe0 - Gene
- avrRpt2e0
- Outcome
- other leaves became resistante0
- Comparator
- virulent Pst strain lacking this avirulence genee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“When plants were immunized by local inoculation of a single leaf with avirulent Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) carrying the avrRpt2 avirulence gene, after 2 days other leaves became resistant, as measured symptomatically and by in planta bacterial growth, to challenge with a virulent Pst strain lacking this avirulence gene.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Systemic resistance also protected against P. syringae pv. maculicola.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Interactor
- P. syringae pv. maculicolaPseudomonas syringae pv. maculicolae0
- Outcome
- protected the plants against infectione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Resistance was systemic and protected the plants against infection by other virulent pathogens including P. syringae pv. maculicola.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
A low inoculation dose induced strong systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- Low‐dose inoculatione0
- Outcome
- strong SARe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low‐dose inoculation induced a strong SAR and double immunizations did not increase the level of protection”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Double immunization did not further increase protection.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- double immunizationse0
- Outcome
- level of protectione0
- Direction
- did not increasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Low‐dose inoculation induced a strong SAR and double immunizations did not increase the level of protection”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The virulent Pst strain lacking avrRpt2 did not induce systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- virulent strain of Pst lacking avrRpt2e0
- Gene
- avrRpt2e0
- Outcome
- SARe0
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“SAR was not induced by the virulent strain of Pst lacking avrRpt2.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The hypersensitive response contributed to, but was unnecessary for, systemic resistance induction.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- induction of SARe0
- Qualifier
- hypersensitive responsee0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“a hypersensitive response contributes to, but is not essential for, the induction of SAR.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors inferred branching or parallel avrRpt2 pathways for local and systemic resistance, with local potentiation of systemic resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- avrRpt2e0
- Outcome
- induction of localized hypersensitive resistance and SARe0
- Qualifier
- branching signal pathway or separate parallel pathwayse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“avrRpt2 activates either a branching signal pathway or separate parallel pathways for induction of localized hypersensitive resistance and SAR, with downstream potentiation of the systemic response by the local response.”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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