Abstract
Exposure of plants to different biotic and abiotic stress condition instigates significant change in the cellular redox status; resulting in the elevation of reactive nitrogen species that play signaling role in mediating defense responses. Heavy metal associated (HMA) domain containing genes are required for spatio-temporal transportation of metal ions that bind with various enzymes and co-factors within the cell. To uncover the underlying mechanisms mediated by AtHMA genes, we identified 14 Arabidopsis HMA genes that were differentially expressed in response to nitrosative stress through RNA-seq analysis. Of those 14 genes, the expression of eight HMA genes was significantly increased, whereas that of six genes was significantly reduced. We further validated the RNA-seq results through quantitative real-time PCR analysis. Gene ontology analysis revealed the involvement of these genes in biological processes such as hemostasis and transport. The majority of these nitric oxide (NO)-responsive AtHMA gene products are carrier/transport proteins. AtHMAD1 (At1g51090) showed the highest fold change to S-nitrosocystein. We therefore, further investigated its role in oxidative and nitrosative mediated stress conditions and found that AtHMAD1 has antagonistic role in shoot and root growth. Characterization of AtHMAD1 through functional genomics showed that the knock out mutant athmad1 plants were resistant to virulent Pseudomonas syringae (DC3000) and showed early induction and high transcript accumulation of pathogenesis related gene. Furthermore, inoculation of athamd1 with avirulent strain of the same bacteria showed negative regulation of R-gene mediated resistance. These results were supported by hypersensitive cell death response and cell death induced electrolyte leakage. AtHMAD1 was also observed to negatively regulate systemic acquired resistance SAR as the KO mutant showed induction of SAR marker genes. Overall, these results imply that NO-responsive AtHMA domain containing genes may play an important role in plant development and immunity.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Fourteen Arabidopsis HMA genes were differentially expressed under nitrosative stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thaliana
Arabidopsis thalianat0 - Treatment
- nitrosative stresse0
- Gene
- Arabidopsis HMA genese0
- Outcome
- differentially expressede0
- Value
- 14e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“we identified 14 Arabidopsis HMA genes that were differentially expressed in response to nitrosative stress through RNA-seq analysis”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Eight HMA genes increased expression under nitrosative stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- HMA genese0
- Outcome
- expressione0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Value
- eighte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the expression of eight HMA genes was significantly increased”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Six HMA genes decreased expression under nitrosative stress.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- that of six genese0
- Direction
- reducede0
- Value
- sixe0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“that of six genes was significantly reduced”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Quantitative real-time PCR validated the RNA-seq results.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- validated the RNA-seq resultse0
- Comparator
- RNA-seq resultse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“We further validated the RNA-seq results through quantitative real-time PCR analysis”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Gene ontology analysis associated these genes with hemostasis and transport.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- involvement of these genes in biological processes such as hemostasis and transporte0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Gene ontology analysis revealed the involvement of these genes in biological processes such as hemostasis and transport”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Most NO-responsive AtHMA products were carrier or transport proteins.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtHMA gene productse0
- Outcome
- carrier/transport proteinse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The majority of these nitric oxide (NO)-responsive AtHMA gene products are carrier/transport proteins”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtHMAD1 had the highest fold change in response to S-nitrosocystein.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Treatment
- S-nitrosocysteine0
- Gene
- AtHMAD1e0
- Outcome
- fold changee0
- Direction
- higheste0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtHMAD1 (At1g51090) showed the highest fold change to S-nitrosocystein”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtHMAD1 had opposing roles in shoot and root growth.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtHMAD1e0
- Outcome
- shoot and root growthe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtHMAD1 has antagonistic role in shoot and root growth”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The athmad1 knockout was resistant to virulent Pseudomonas syringae DC3000.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- athmad1e0
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas syringaee0pathogen - Outcome
- resistant to virulent Pseudomonas syringae (DC3000)e0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“the knock out mutant athmad1 plants were resistant to virulent Pseudomonas syringae (DC3000)”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
The athmad1 knockout showed earlier and higher pathogenesis-related gene transcript accumulation.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Outcome
- transcript accumulation of pathogenesis related genee0
- Direction
- highe0
- Qualifier
- early inductione0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“showed early induction and high transcript accumulation of pathogenesis related gene”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
Inoculation of athmad1 with an avirulent bacterial strain negatively regulated R-gene-mediated resistance.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Material
- athamd1e0
- Treatment
- inoculation of athamd1 with avirulent strain of the same bacteriae0
- Outcome
- R-gene mediated resistancee0
- Direction
- negative regulatione0
Not reportedInteractorComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“inoculation of athamd1 with avirulent strain of the same bacteria showed negative regulation of R-gene mediated resistance”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
Claim · model-written summary
AtHMAD1 negatively regulated systemic acquired resistance, with SAR marker induction in the knockout.
- Taxon
- Arabidopsis thalianaArabidopsis thalianat0
- Gene
- AtHMAD1e0
- Outcome
- systemic acquired resistance SARe0
- Direction
- negatively regulatee0
- Qualifier
- induction of SAR marker genese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“AtHMAD1 was also observed to negatively regulate systemic acquired resistance SAR as the KO mutant showed induction of SAR marker genes”
t0“Arabidopsis thaliana”
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