Abstract
During periods with epidemic mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations in lodgepole pine ( Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) forests, large amounts of tree foliage are thought to undergo changes in moisture content and chemistry brought about by tree decline and death. However, many of the presumed changes have yet to be quantified. In this study, we quantified and compared fuel moisture, chemistry, and resulting flammability of bark beetle affected foliage in terms of ignitability, combustibility, consumability, and sustainability at a site in far eastern Idaho, USA. Results revealed substantial decreases in moisture content, the proportion of starches and sugars, and crude fat and increases in the proportions of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in foliage of trees attacked in the previous year (yellow foliage) or more than two years previously (red foliage). Increases in emission rates of several terpenes that were correlated with flammability were also detected in yellow foliage. The flammability of fresh yellow and red foliage increased with regard to ignitability and sustainability, with shorter times to ignition, lower temperatures at ignition, and higher heat yields when compared with unattacked green foliage. Our results confirm the overwhelming importance of fuel moisture on flammability and suggest that fuel chemical composition also has significant effects on lodgepole pine foliage flammability.
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Claims 9
Claim · model-written summary
Mountain pine beetle attack was associated with substantially lower moisture content, starch and sugar proportions, and crude fat in lodgepole pine foliage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pine
Pinus contortat1 - Treatment
- trees attacked in the previous yeare2
- Interactor
- mountain pine beetlee0pest
- Outcome
- moisture content, the proportion of starches and sugars, and crude fate1
- Direction
- decreasese1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e0“During periods with epidemic mountain pine beetle ( Dendroctonus ponderosae Hopkins) populations in lodgepole pine”
e1“Results revealed substantial decreases in moisture content, the proportion of starches and sugars, and crude fat”
e2“increases in the proportions of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in foliage of trees attacked in the previous year (yellow foliage) or more than two years previously (red foliage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Foliage of beetle-attacked trees had higher proportions of lignin, cellulose and hemicellulose.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Treatment
- trees attacked in the previous yeare2
- Outcome
- proportions of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulosee2
- Direction
- increasese2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e2“increases in the proportions of lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose in foliage of trees attacked in the previous year (yellow foliage) or more than two years previously (red foliage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Emission rates of several terpenes increased in yellow foliage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Organ / stage
- yellow foliagee3
- Outcome
- emission rates of several terpenese3
- Direction
- Increasese3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e3“Increases in emission rates of several terpenes that were correlated with flammability were also detected in yellow foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh yellow and red foliage of beetle-attacked trees had increased ignitability and sustainability compared with unattacked green foliage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Treatment
- fresh yellow and red foliagee4
- Outcome
- ignitability and sustainabilitye4
- Direction
- increasede4
- Comparator
- unattacked green foliagee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e4“The flammability of fresh yellow and red foliage increased with regard to ignitability and sustainability”
e5“with shorter times to ignition, lower temperatures at ignition, and higher heat yields when compared with unattacked green foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh yellow and red foliage of beetle-attacked trees had shorter times to ignition than unattacked green foliage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Treatment
- fresh yellow and red foliagee4
- Outcome
- times to ignitione5
- Direction
- shortere5
- Comparator
- unattacked green foliagee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e4“The flammability of fresh yellow and red foliage increased with regard to ignitability and sustainability”
e5“with shorter times to ignition, lower temperatures at ignition, and higher heat yields when compared with unattacked green foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh yellow and red foliage of beetle-attacked trees had lower temperatures at ignition than unattacked green foliage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Treatment
- fresh yellow and red foliagee4
- Outcome
- temperatures at ignitione5
- Direction
- lowere5
- Comparator
- unattacked green foliagee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e4“The flammability of fresh yellow and red foliage increased with regard to ignitability and sustainability”
e5“with shorter times to ignition, lower temperatures at ignition, and higher heat yields when compared with unattacked green foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh yellow and red foliage of beetle-attacked trees had higher heat yields than unattacked green foliage.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Treatment
- fresh yellow and red foliagee4
- Outcome
- heat yieldse5
- Direction
- highere5
- Comparator
- unattacked green foliagee5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e4“The flammability of fresh yellow and red foliage increased with regard to ignitability and sustainability”
e5“with shorter times to ignition, lower temperatures at ignition, and higher heat yields when compared with unattacked green foliage”
Claim · model-written summary
Fuel moisture is overwhelmingly important for flammability.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Treatment
- fuel moisturee6
- Outcome
- flammabilitye6
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e6“Our results confirm the overwhelming importance of fuel moisture on flammability”
Claim · model-written summary
Fuel chemical composition has significant effects on lodgepole pine foliage flammability.
- Taxon
- lodgepole pinePinus contortat1
- Compound
- fuel chemical compositione7
- Outcome
- lodgepole pine foliage flammabilitye7
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t1“Mountain pine beetle attack alters the chemistry and flammability of lodgepole pine foliage”
e7“suggest that fuel chemical composition also has significant effects on lodgepole pine foliage flammability”