Abstract
In cold and semi-arid Northeast China, insufficient soil accumulative temperature and low water use efficiency (WUE) are the limiting factors for the further development of agriculture. Ridge tillage (RT) has been proposed to improve soil temperature and water conservation. Data from a 3-year field experiment conducted at two locations (Sujiatun and Lanxi) in Northeast China were used to compare RT, no-tillage (NT), and conventional tillage (CT) in a spring maize cropping system. At both sites, RT and NT significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depth, relative to CT, by 0.7–2.4°C in the cold season during the spring maize growing stage. Mean soil moisture depletion in the RT treatment was greater by 1.2–4.1% (Sujiatun) and 0.6–3.0% (Lanxi) than in NT and CT, respectively. Mean maize yields over 3 years for RT were ~9.9% greater than for CT, whereas the yield advantage in the NT treatment was only slight. In Sujiatun, WUE was 8.0% and 8.6% greater under RT than under NT and CT, respectively, and in Lanxi, WUE was 7.7% and 9.6% greater under RT than NT and CT. Ridge tillage is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher crop yield and WUE in Northeast China.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depth relative to conventional tillage by 0.7–2.4°C in the cold season.
- Treatment
- RTe1
- Outcome
- mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.7–2.4°Ce1
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- cold seasone1
Zea maysOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RT and NT significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depth, relative to CT, by 0.7–2.4°C in the cold season during the spring maize growing stage”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage increased mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depth relative to conventional tillage by 0.7–2.4°C in the cold season.
- Treatment
- NTe1
- Outcome
- mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depthe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Value
- 0.7–2.4°Ce1
- Comparator
- CTe1
- Setting
- cold seasone1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“RT and NT significantly (P < 0.05) increased mean soil temperature to 0.10 m depth, relative to CT, by 0.7–2.4°C in the cold season during the spring maize growing stage”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture depletion under ridge tillage was greater by 1.2–4.1% at Sujiatun than under no-tillage and conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- RTe2
- Outcome
- Mean soil moisture depletione2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 1.2–4.1%e2
- Comparator
- NT and CTe2
- Setting
- Sujiatune2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Mean soil moisture depletion in the RT treatment was greater by 1.2–4.1% (Sujiatun) and 0.6–3.0% (Lanxi) than in NT and CT, respectively”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Soil moisture depletion under ridge tillage was greater by 0.6–3.0% at Lanxi than under no-tillage and conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- RTe2
- Outcome
- Mean soil moisture depletione2
- Direction
- greatere2
- Value
- 0.6–3.0%e2
- Comparator
- NT and CTe2
- Setting
- Lanxie2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Mean soil moisture depletion in the RT treatment was greater by 1.2–4.1% (Sujiatun) and 0.6–3.0% (Lanxi) than in NT and CT, respectively”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Mean maize yield over 3 years under ridge tillage was about 9.9% greater than under conventional tillage.
- Treatment
- RTe3
- Outcome
- Mean maize yieldse3
- Direction
- greatere3
- Value
- ~9.9%e3
- Qualifier
- over 3 yearse3
- Comparator
- CTe3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Mean maize yields over 3 years for RT were ~9.9% greater than for CT”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
No-tillage gave only a slight yield advantage.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“whereas the yield advantage in the NT treatment was only slight”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased WUE by 8.0% relative to no-tillage at Sujiatun.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In Sujiatun, WUE was 8.0% and 8.6% greater under RT than under NT and CT, respectively”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased WUE by 8.6% relative to conventional tillage at Sujiatun.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“In Sujiatun, WUE was 8.0% and 8.6% greater under RT than under NT and CT, respectively”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased WUE by 7.7% relative to no-tillage at Lanxi.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“in Lanxi, WUE was 7.7% and 9.6% greater under RT than NT and CT”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage increased WUE by 9.6% relative to conventional tillage at Lanxi.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“in Lanxi, WUE was 7.7% and 9.6% greater under RT than NT and CT”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
Claim · model-written summary
Ridge tillage is recommended to farmers to obtain higher crop yield and WUE in Northeast China.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Ridge tillage is recommended to the farmers to obtain higher crop yield and WUE in Northeast China”
e0“a spring maize cropping system”
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