Abstract
SUMMARY Dry powder, liquid and microencapsulated formulations of organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticidal seed treatments were tested as possible alternatives to the standard organochlorine seed treatments for autumn‐sown wheat in mineral and organic soils heavily infested with wheat bulb fly eggs and (subsequently) larvae. Retention of insecticides on the seed coat varied from 40% to 120% of the target dose; it was usually good when microencapsulated formulations were used. Chlorfenvinphos, fonofos, isofenphos and triazophos, each applied at 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed, were phytotoxic, the symptoms varying from a slight delaying effect upon germination to an adverse effect upon grain yield. Chlorfenvinphos at 0–2 to 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed was consistently effective against wheat bulb fly larvae in both mineral and organic soils. Athidathion 0–8 g a.i./kg, carbophenothion 1–2 g a.i./kg, ethion 1–7 g a.i./kg and fonofos (microencapsulated formulations) at 1‐0 or 2‐0 g a.i./kg were also effective in mineral and organic soils. Of the synthetic pyrethroids tested as seed treatments, permethrin gave excellent results in mineral soils at 1‐0 g a.i./kg or in synergised formulations at 0–12 or 0–24 g a.i./kg but was disappointing in organic soils. In a single comparison of seed treatments applied to wheat sown early (14 October) and late (20 November), chlorfenvinphos was effective at both sowing dates whereas athidathion, ethion and pirimiphos‐ethyl gave better results in late‐sown wheat. A single trial compared deep with shallow sowing of treated seed. Most insecticides performed better on shallow‐sown wheat, but chlorfenvinphos was equally effective against the pest at both sowing depths. Most insecticides restricted the numbers of larvae entering host plants but had little or no subsequent effect upon larval survival within attacked shoots. Fonofos and isofenphos, and to a lesser extent chlorfenvinphos, seed treatments additionally killed many larvae within plant shoots.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
Insecticide retention on the seed coat varied from 40% to 120% of the target dose, usually good with microencapsulated formulations.
- Taxon
- winter wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Treatment
- microencapsulated formulationse1
- Outcome
- Retention of insecticides on the seed coate1
- Value
- 40% to 120% of the target dosee1
- Qualifier
- usually good when microencapsulated formulations were usede1
- Setting
- Eastern Englandt0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Retention of insecticides on the seed coat varied from 40% to 120% of the target dose; it was usually good when microencapsulated formulations were used”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos was phytotoxic to wheat seedlings when applied as a seed treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose2
- Outcome
- phytotoxice2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Chlorfenvinphos, fonofos, isofenphos and triazophos, each applied at 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed, were phytotoxic, the symptoms varying from a slight delaying effect upon germination to an adverse effect upon grain yield”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Fonofos was phytotoxic to wheat when applied as a seed treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fonofose2
- Outcome
- phytotoxice2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Chlorfenvinphos, fonofos, isofenphos and triazophos, each applied at 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed, were phytotoxic, the symptoms varying from a slight delaying effect upon germination to an adverse effect upon grain yield”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Isofenphos was phytotoxic to wheat when applied as a seed treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- isofenphose2
- Outcome
- phytotoxice2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Chlorfenvinphos, fonofos, isofenphos and triazophos, each applied at 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed, were phytotoxic, the symptoms varying from a slight delaying effect upon germination to an adverse effect upon grain yield”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Triazophos was phytotoxic to wheat when applied as a seed treatment.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- triazophose2
- Outcome
- phytotoxice2
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e2“Chlorfenvinphos, fonofos, isofenphos and triazophos, each applied at 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed, were phytotoxic, the symptoms varying from a slight delaying effect upon germination to an adverse effect upon grain yield”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos seed treatment was consistently effective against wheat bulb fly larvae in mineral and organic soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Chlorfenvinphose3
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- wheat bulb fly larvaee3
- Setting
- mineral and organic soilse3
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e3“Chlorfenvinphos at 0–2 to 2‐0 g a.i./kg seed was consistently effective against wheat bulb fly larvae in both mineral and organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Athidathion seed treatment was effective in mineral and organic soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Athidathione4
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee4
- Setting
- mineral and organic soilse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Athidathion 0‐8 g a.i./kg, carbophenothion 1‐2 g a.i./kg, ethion 1‐7 g a.i./kg and fonofos (microencapsulated formulations) at 1‐0 or 2‐0 g a.i./kg were also effective in mineral and organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Carbophenothion seed treatment was effective in mineral and organic soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- carbophenothione4
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee4
- Setting
- mineral and organic soilse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Athidathion 0‐8 g a.i./kg, carbophenothion 1‐2 g a.i./kg, ethion 1‐7 g a.i./kg and fonofos (microencapsulated formulations) at 1‐0 or 2‐0 g a.i./kg were also effective in mineral and organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Ethion seed treatment was effective in mineral and organic soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- ethione4
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee4
- Setting
- mineral and organic soilse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Athidathion 0‐8 g a.i./kg, carbophenothion 1‐2 g a.i./kg, ethion 1‐7 g a.i./kg and fonofos (microencapsulated formulations) at 1‐0 or 2‐0 g a.i./kg were also effective in mineral and organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Microencapsulated fonofos seed treatment was effective in mineral and organic soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- fonofos (microencapsulated formulations)e4
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee4
- Setting
- mineral and organic soilse4
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e4“Athidathion 0‐8 g a.i./kg, carbophenothion 1‐2 g a.i./kg, ethion 1‐7 g a.i./kg and fonofos (microencapsulated formulations) at 1‐0 or 2‐0 g a.i./kg were also effective in mineral and organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Permethrin gave excellent results against wheat bulb fly in mineral soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- permethrine5
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- resultse5
- Qualifier
- excellente5
- Setting
- mineral soilse5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Of the synthetic pyrethroids tested as seed treatments, permethrin gave excellent results in mineral soils at 1‐0 g a.i./kg or in synergised formulations at 0‐12 or 0‐24 g a.i./kg but was disappointing in organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Permethrin was disappointing against wheat bulb fly in organic soils.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- permethrine5
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- resultse5
- Qualifier
- disappointinge5
- Setting
- organic soilse5
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e5“Of the synthetic pyrethroids tested as seed treatments, permethrin gave excellent results in mineral soils at 1‐0 g a.i./kg or in synergised formulations at 0‐12 or 0‐24 g a.i./kg but was disappointing in organic soils”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos was effective at both early and late sowing dates.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose6
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee6
- Qualifier
- at both sowing datese6
Not reportedComparatorDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In a single comparison of seed treatments applied to wheat sown early (14 October) and late (20 November), chlorfenvinphos was effective at both sowing dates whereas athidathion, ethion and pirimiphos‐ethyl gave better results in late‐sown wheat”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Athidathion, ethion and pirimiphos-ethyl gave better results in late-sown wheat than in early-sown wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- athidathion, ethion and pirimiphos‐ethyle6
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- resultse6
- Direction
- bettere6
- Comparator
- wheat sown earlye6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“In a single comparison of seed treatments applied to wheat sown early (14 October) and late (20 November), chlorfenvinphos was effective at both sowing dates whereas athidathion, ethion and pirimiphos‐ethyl gave better results in late‐sown wheat”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Most insecticides performed better on shallow-sown wheat than on deep-sown wheat.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- insecticidese7
- Outcome
- performede7
- Direction
- bettere7
- Qualifier
- shallowe7
- Comparator
- deepe7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“A single trial compared deep with shallow sowing of treated seed. Most insecticides performed better on shallow‐sown wheat, but chlorfenvinphos was equally effective against the pest at both sowing depths”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos was equally effective against the pest at both sowing depths.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose7
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- effectivee7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
- Qualifier
- at both sowing depthse7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“A single trial compared deep with shallow sowing of treated seed. Most insecticides performed better on shallow‐sown wheat, but chlorfenvinphos was equally effective against the pest at both sowing depths”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Most insecticides restricted the numbers of larvae entering wheat plants.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- insecticidese7
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- numbers of larvae entering host plantse7
- Direction
- restrictede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Most insecticides restricted the numbers of larvae entering host plants but had little or no subsequent effect upon larval survival within attacked shoots”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Most insecticides had little or no effect on larval survival within attacked shoots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- insecticidese7
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- larval survival within attacked shootse7
- Direction
- no_changeinferrede7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e7“Most insecticides restricted the numbers of larvae entering host plants but had little or no subsequent effect upon larval survival within attacked shoots”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Fonofos and isofenphos seed treatments killed many larvae within wheat shoots.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Fonofos and isofenphose6
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- larvae within plant shootse6
- Direction
- killede6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Fonofos and isofenphos, and to a lesser extent chlorfenvinphos, seed treatments additionally killed many larvae within plant shoots”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
Claim · model-written summary
Chlorfenvinphos killed larvae within wheat shoots, to a lesser extent than fonofos and isofenphos.
- Taxon
- winter wheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- chlorfenvinphose6
- Interactor
- wheat bulb flyt0pest
- Outcome
- larvae within plant shootse6
- Direction
- killede6
- Qualifier
- to a lesser extente6
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e6“Fonofos and isofenphos, and to a lesser extent chlorfenvinphos, seed treatments additionally killed many larvae within plant shoots”
t0“wheat bulb fly (Delia coarctata) attacking winter wheat in Eastern England”
The same questions in other papers
chlorfenvinfos · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
isofenphos · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
insecticide · survival · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
2 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
insecticide · pest · Triticum aestivum (wheat)Positive and negative results
29 papers in the same direction as this paper · 7 in the opposite direction · 1 reporting no difference from an alternative
- positive
- negative
- negative
34 papers more in this group
See all 38 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.