Abstract
The use of chemical inducers for the development of host resistance is an alternative approach to plant disease management and is assumed to be much more environmentally sound than traditional pesticides. Five chemical inducers, salicylic acid, oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate (KH_2PO_4), and calcium chloride (CaCl_2), all at concentrations of 10 mM, and an untreated control treatment were applied by seed soaking to compare their effectiveness in inducing resistance against chocolate spot disease (Botrytis fabae Sard.) in faba bean under greenhouse and field conditions, and to investigate whether use of these chemicals in this way is associated with a reduction in plant growth and yield under field conditions. A field experiment was conducted over 2 years (2007 and 2008) using a randomized complete block design with 4 replications. Results indicated that, under greenhouse and field conditions, KH_2PO_4 and CaCl_2 treatments were either moderately or less effective in reducing disease severity of chocolate spot. However, both inducers significantly increased the growth and yield of faba beans under field conditions compared with the untreated control treatment. The greatest reduction in disease severity of chocolate spot under greenhouse and field conditions was observed in treatments of ascorbic acid and oxalic acid. The decrease in disease severity ranged from 70.6% to 79.9% for oxalic acid and from 68.1% to 80.2% for ascorbic acid, as compared with the untreated control under greenhouse conditions. Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively. The treatments of salicylic acid and oxalic acid produced the lowest values for growth and yield parameters. These results led to the conclusion that, for field application of chemical inducers to develop host resistance, it is important to study their effects on growth and yield in addition to their ability to control diseases.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
KH_2PO_4 was moderately or less effective at reducing chocolate spot severity.
- Taxon
- faba bean
Vicia fabat0 - Treatment
- KH_2PO_4e0
- Interactor
- chocolate spote0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity of chocolate spote0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KH_2PO_4 and CaCl_2 treatments were either moderately or less effective in reducing disease severity of chocolate spot.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl_2 was moderately or less effective at reducing chocolate spot severity.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- CaCl_2e0
- Interactor
- chocolate spote0pathogen
- Outcome
- disease severity of chocolate spote0
- Direction
- reducinge0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“KH_2PO_4 and CaCl_2 treatments were either moderately or less effective in reducing disease severity of chocolate spot.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
KH_2PO_4 increased field growth and yield relative to untreated faba beans.
- Taxon
- faba beansVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- both inducerse0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both inducers significantly increased the growth and yield of faba beans under field conditions compared with the untreated control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
CaCl_2 increased field growth and yield relative to untreated faba beans.
- Taxon
- faba beansVicia fabae0
- Treatment
- both inducerse0
- Outcome
- growth and yielde0
- Direction
- increasede0
- Comparator
- untreated control treatmente0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“both inducers significantly increased the growth and yield of faba beans under field conditions compared with the untreated control treatment.”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid reduced greenhouse disease severity by 70.6% to 79.9%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 70.6% to 79.9%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in disease severity ranged from 70.6% to 79.9% for oxalic acid and from 68.1% to 80.2% for ascorbic acid, as compared with the untreated control under greenhouse conditions.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid reduced greenhouse disease severity by 68.1% to 80.2%.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasee0
- Value
- 68.1% to 80.2%e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- greenhouse conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The decrease in disease severity ranged from 70.6% to 79.9% for oxalic acid and from 68.1% to 80.2% for ascorbic acid, as compared with the untreated control under greenhouse conditions.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid reduced field disease severity by 79.4% on day 30.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 79.4%e0
- Qualifier
- day 30e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid reduced field disease severity by 71.3% on day 30.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 71.3%e0
- Qualifier
- day 30e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid reduced field disease severity by 62.4% on day 45.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 62.4%e0
- Qualifier
- day 45e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid reduced field disease severity by 41.8% on day 45.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 41.8%e0
- Qualifier
- day 45e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Ascorbic acid reduced field disease severity by 60.1% on day 60.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- ascorbic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 60.1%e0
- Qualifier
- day 60e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid reduced field disease severity by 41.1% on day 60.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- disease severitye0
- Direction
- decreasese0
- Value
- 41.1%e0
- Qualifier
- day 60e0
- Comparator
- untreated controle0
- Setting
- field conditionse0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Under field conditions, the decreases in disease severity with ascorbic acid and oxalic acid treatments relative to the untreated control were 79.4% and 71.3% on day 30, 62.4% and 41.8% on day 45, and 60.1% and 41.1% on day 60, respectively.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Salicylic acid yielded the lowest growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- salicylic acide0
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments of salicylic acid and oxalic acid produced the lowest values for growth and yield parameters.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxalic acid yielded the lowest growth and yield parameters.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Treatment
- oxalic acide0
- Outcome
- growth and yield parameterse0
- Direction
- loweste0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“The treatments of salicylic acid and oxalic acid produced the lowest values for growth and yield parameters.”
t0“faba bean”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors recommend evaluating growth and yield alongside disease control for field use of chemical inducers.
- Taxon
- faba beanVicia fabat0
- Outcome
- study their effects on growth and yield in addition to their ability to control diseasese0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“for field application of chemical inducers to develop host resistance, it is important to study their effects on growth and yield in addition to their ability to control diseases.”
t0“faba bean”
The same questions in other papers
salicylic acid · yield · Vicia faba (faba bean)Positive and negative results
22 in the opposite direction
- positive
- positive
- positive
19 papers more in this group
See all 23 papers →oxalic acid · disease · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
1 paper in the same direction as this paper
- positive
ascorbic acid · disease · Vicia faba (faba bean)Results agree
4 papers in the same direction as this paper
- positive
- positive
- positive
1 paper more in this group
See all 5 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.