Abstract
The performance of natural enemies, such as parasitoid wasps, is affected by differences in the quality of the host's diet, frequently mediated by species or population-related differences in plant allelochemistry. Here, we compared survival, development time, and body mass in a generalist herbivore, the cabbage moth, Mamestra brassicae, and its solitary endoparasitoid, Microplitis mediator, when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea. Plants either were undamaged or induced by feeding of larvae of the cabbage butterfly, Pieris rapae. Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on both cultivated and one wild cabbage population (KIM), intermediate on the OH population, and significantly lower on the WIN population. Moreover, development was prolonged and biomass was reduced on herbivore-induced plants. However, only the survival of parasitized hosts (and not that of healthy larvae) was affected by induction. Analysis of glucosinolates in leaves of the cabbages revealed higher levels in the wild populations than cultivars, with the highest concentrations in WIN plants. Multivariate statistics revealed a negative correlation between insect performance and total levels of glucosinolates (GS) and levels of 3-butenyl GS. However, GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on induced plants since only indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory, which did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics. This result suggests that, in addition to aliphatic GS, other non-GS chemicals are responsible for the decline in insect performance, and that these chemicals affect the parasitoid more strongly than the host. Remarkably, when developing on WIN plants, the survival of Mi. mediator to adult eclosion was much higher than in its host, M. brassicae. This may be due to the fact that hosts parasitized by Mi. mediator pass through fewer instars, and host growth is arrested when they are only a fraction of the size of healthy caterpillars. Certain aspects of the biology and life-history of the host and parasitoid may determine their response to chemical challenges imposed by the food plant.
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Claims 15
Claim · model-written summary
Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on cultivated cabbages and the KIM wild population.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleracea
Brassica oleraceae2 - Interactor
- M. brassicae
_-_(imago)%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg?width=60)
Mamestra brassicaee1herbivore - Second interactor
- Mi. mediatore1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Development and biomasse1
- Qualifier
- similar on both cultivated and one wild cabbage population (KIM)e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_-_(imago)%2C_Arnhem%2C_the_Netherlands_-_2.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e1“Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on both cultivated and one wild cabbage population (KIM), intermediate on the OH population, and significantly lower on the WIN population”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were significantly lower on the WIN population.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Material
- WIN populatione1
- Interactor
- M. brassicaeMamestra brassicaee1herbivore
- Second interactor
- Mi. mediatore1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Development and biomasse1
- Direction
- significantly lowere1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on both cultivated and one wild cabbage population (KIM), intermediate on the OH population, and significantly lower on the WIN population”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were intermediate on the OH population.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Material
- OH populatione1
- Interactor
- M. brassicaeMamestra brassicaee1herbivore
- Second interactor
- Mi. mediatore1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- Development and biomasse1
- Direction
- intermediatee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Development and biomass of M. brassicae and Mi. mediator were similar on both cultivated and one wild cabbage population (KIM), intermediate on the OH population, and significantly lower on the WIN population”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Development was prolonged on herbivore-induced cabbage plants.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Treatment
- herbivore-induced plantse1
- Outcome
- developmente1
- Direction
- prolongede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Moreover, development was prolonged and biomass was reduced on herbivore-induced plants”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biomass was reduced on herbivore-induced cabbage plants.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Treatment
- herbivore-induced plantse1
- Outcome
- biomasse1
- Direction
- reducede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Moreover, development was prolonged and biomass was reduced on herbivore-induced plants”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Survival of parasitized hosts, but not of healthy larvae, was affected by induction.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Treatment
- inductione1
- Outcome
- the survival of parasitized hostse1
- Qualifier
- affected by inductione1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, only the survival of parasitized hosts (and not that of healthy larvae) was affected by induction”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Wild cabbage populations had higher glucosinolate levels in leaves than cultivars, highest in WIN plants.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Material
- wild populationse1
- Outcome
- glucosinolates in leavese1
- Direction
- highere1
- Qualifier
- with the highest concentrations in WIN plantse1
- Comparator
- cultivarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Analysis of glucosinolates in leaves of the cabbages revealed higher levels in the wild populations than cultivars, with the highest concentrations in WIN plants”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Insect performance was negatively correlated with total glucosinolate levels and 3-butenyl GS levels.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Compound
- glucosinolates (GS)e1
- Outcome
- insect performancee1
- Direction
- negative correlatione1
- Qualifier
- 3-butenyl GSe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Multivariate statistics revealed a negative correlation between insect performance and total levels of glucosinolates (GS) and levels of 3-butenyl GS”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on herbivore-induced plants.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Compound
- GSe1
- Outcome
- reduced performance on induced plantse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on induced plants since only indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory, which did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Treatment
- herbivorye1
- Compound
- indole GSe1
- Outcome
- indole GS concentrationse1
- Direction
- increasede1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on induced plants since only indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory, which did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Indole GS did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Compound
- indole GSe1
- Outcome
- insect performancee1
- Qualifier
- based on multivariate statisticse1
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“However, GS chemistry could not explain the reduced performance on induced plants since only indole GS concentrations increased in response to herbivory, which did not affect insect performance based on multivariate statistics”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Other non-GS chemicals are likely responsible for the decline in insect performance and affect the parasitoid more strongly than the host.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Compound
- other non-GS chemicalse1
- Outcome
- decline in insect performancee1
- Qualifier
- these chemicals affect the parasitoid more strongly than the hoste1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This result suggests that, in addition to aliphatic GS, other non-GS chemicals are responsible for the decline in insect performance, and that these chemicals affect the parasitoid more strongly than the host”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
On WIN plants, survival of Mi. mediator to adult eclosion was higher than that of its host M. brassicae.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Material
- WIN plantse1
- Interactor
- Mi. mediatore1biocontrol_agent
- Second interactor
- M. brassicaeMamestra brassicaee1herbivore
- Outcome
- survival of Mi. mediator to adult eclosione1
- Direction
- highere1
- Comparator
- its host, M. brassicaee1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Remarkably, when developing on WIN plants, the survival of Mi. mediator to adult eclosion was much higher than in its host, M. brassicae”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Parasitized hosts may pass through fewer instars, and host growth is arrested at a fraction of healthy caterpillar size.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Interactor
- Mi. mediatore1biocontrol_agent
- Outcome
- pass through fewer instarse1
- Qualifier
- host growth is arrested when they are only a fraction of the size of healthy caterpillarse1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“This may be due to the fact that hosts parasitized by Mi. mediator pass through fewer instars, and host growth is arrested when they are only a fraction of the size of healthy caterpillars”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”
Claim · model-written summary
Biology and life-history of host and parasitoid may determine their response to chemical challenges from the food plant.
- Taxon
- Brassica oleraceaBrassica oleraceae2
- Outcome
- their response to chemical challenges imposed by the food plante1
- Qualifier
- biology and life-history of the host and parasitoide1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Certain aspects of the biology and life-history of the host and parasitoid may determine their response to chemical challenges imposed by the food plant”
e2“when reared on two cultivated (CYR and STH) and three wild (KIM, OH, and WIN) populations of cabbage, Brassica oleracea”