Abstract
Argemone mexicana L. (Papaveraceae), a tropical annual weed, is known to be phytotoxic to many crop species. This study was designed to examine the possible impact of A. mexicana on root‐infecting fungi, changes in fungal community structure and the growth of tomato. A. mexicana decaying shoots in soil provided a marked decrease in the infectivity of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani but Macrophomina phaseolina remained unaffected. Plant height and shoot growth of tomato plants increased markedly though high concentration of A. mexicana (5% w/w) was deleterious to tomato plants. General species diversity of soil fungal communities increased in the amended soils over the controls and greater increase in diversity occurred at higher concentrations of decaying A. mexicana . Likewise, equitability and richness components of diversity increased in treatments compared to controls but declined with increasing sampling period . Aspergillus nidulans , Cephaliophora irregularis , Drechslera halodes , Paecilomyces lilacinus and Trichoderma viride were isolated exclusively from the amended soils. Aqueous extract of A. mexicana when applied in soil greatly suppressed all three of the above root‐infecting fungi, and at lower concentration actually enhanced plant growth. The influence of different levels of N‐fertilization with NH 4 NO 3 on the modification of the effect of decaying A. mexicana on root‐infecting fungi was also investigated. N‐fertilization to some extent alleviated the phytotoxicity to tomato plants while suppressing the root‐infecting fungi. A. mexicana in conjunction with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium, significantly suppressed root‐infecting fungi with concomitant increase in plant growth. Whereas P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato, its population slightly declined in the amended soil but not to an extent that could reduce the biocontrol and growth promoting potential of the bacterium.
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Claims 12
Claim · model-written summary
Decaying A. mexicana shoots in soil markedly decreased the infectivity of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani in tomato.
- Taxon
- Tomato
Solanum lycopersicumt0 - Treatment
- A. mexicana decaying shoots in soile0
- Interactor
- Fusarium solani
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=60)
Fusarium solanie0pathogen - Second interactor
- Rhizoctonia solani
Rhizoctonia solanie0pathogen - Outcome
- infectivity of Fusarium solanie0
- Direction
- decreasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Sacc._5393379.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e0“A. mexicana decaying shoots in soil provided a marked decrease in the infectivity of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani but Macrophomina phaseolina remained unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Decaying A. mexicana shoots in soil left the infectivity of Macrophomina phaseolina unaffected.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. mexicana decaying shoots in soile0
- Interactor
- Macrophomina phaseolina
Macrophomina phaseolinae0pathogen - Outcome
- infectivitye0
- Direction
- remained unaffectede0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e0“A. mexicana decaying shoots in soil provided a marked decrease in the infectivity of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani but Macrophomina phaseolina remained unaffected”
Claim · model-written summary
Decaying A. mexicana shoots increased plant height and shoot growth of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. mexicana decaying shoots in soile0
- Outcome
- Plant height and shoot growthe1
- Direction
- increased markedlye1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e0“A. mexicana decaying shoots in soil provided a marked decrease in the infectivity of Fusarium solani and Rhizoctonia solani but Macrophomina phaseolina remained unaffected”
e1“Plant height and shoot growth of tomato plants increased markedly”
Claim · model-written summary
A high concentration of A. mexicana (5% w/w) was deleterious to tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- high concentration of A. mexicana (5% w/w)e2
- Outcome
- tomato plantse2
- Direction
- deleteriouse2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e2“high concentration of A. mexicana (5% w/w) was deleterious to tomato plants”
Claim · model-written summary
Aqueous extract of A. mexicana applied in soil greatly suppressed all three root-infecting fungi.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Aqueous extract of A. mexicana when applied in soile3
- Outcome
- root‐infecting fungie3
- Direction
- greatly suppressede3
- Qualifier
- all three of the abovee3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e3“Aqueous extract of A. mexicana when applied in soil greatly suppressed all three of the above root‐infecting fungi, and at lower concentration actually enhanced plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
At a lower concentration, aqueous extract of A. mexicana enhanced plant growth.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- Aqueous extract of A. mexicana when applied in soile3
- Outcome
- plant growthe3
- Direction
- enhancede3
- Qualifier
- at lower concentratione3
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e3“Aqueous extract of A. mexicana when applied in soil greatly suppressed all three of the above root‐infecting fungi, and at lower concentration actually enhanced plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
N-fertilization to some extent alleviated the phytotoxicity of A. mexicana to tomato plants.
- Taxon
- tomato plantsSolanum lycopersicume4
- Treatment
- N‐fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- phytotoxicity to tomato plantse4
- Direction
- alleviatede4
- Qualifier
- to some extente4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e4“N‐fertilization to some extent alleviated the phytotoxicity to tomato plants while suppressing the root‐infecting fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
N-fertilization suppressed root-infecting fungi in the presence of A. mexicana.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- N‐fertilizatione4
- Outcome
- root‐infecting fungie4
- Direction
- suppressinge4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e4“N‐fertilization to some extent alleviated the phytotoxicity to tomato plants while suppressing the root‐infecting fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
A. mexicana with Pseudomonas aeruginosa significantly suppressed root-infecting fungi.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. mexicana in conjunction with Pseudomonas aeruginosae5
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Pseudomonas aeruginosae5biocontrol_agent - Outcome
- root‐infecting fungie5
- Direction
- significantly suppressede5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e5“A. mexicana in conjunction with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium, significantly suppressed root‐infecting fungi with concomitant increase in plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
A. mexicana with Pseudomonas aeruginosa was accompanied by an increase in plant growth.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Treatment
- A. mexicana in conjunction with Pseudomonas aeruginosae5
- Interactor
- Pseudomonas aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosae5symbiont
- Outcome
- plant growthe5
- Direction
- increasee5
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e5“A. mexicana in conjunction with Pseudomonas aeruginosa , a plant growth‐promoting rhizobacterium, significantly suppressed root‐infecting fungi with concomitant increase in plant growth”
Claim · model-written summary
Pseudomonas aeruginosa was reisolated from the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato.
- Taxon
- tomatoSolanum lycopersicume6
- Organ / stage
- rhizosphere and inner root tissuese6
- Interactor
- P. aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosae6symbiont
- Outcome
- reisolatede6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e6“Whereas P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato”
Claim · model-written summary
The population of P. aeruginosa slightly declined in the amended soil.
- Taxon
- TomatoSolanum lycopersicumt0
- Interactor
- P. aeruginosaPseudomonas aeruginosae6symbiont
- Outcome
- populatione7
- Direction
- slightly declinede7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Root‐Infecting Fungi in Tomato”
e6“Whereas P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the rhizosphere and inner root tissues of tomato”
e7“its population slightly declined in the amended soil”
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