Abstract
The extractable, protein-bound and fibre-bound condensed tannin (CT) concentrations in the leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia were determined by the butanol–HCl method, whilst extractable CT was also determined by the vanillin–HCl method. With the exception of Senna siameaall species contained CT. The very high CT concentration found in many plants growing in Colombia may have been partly due to soil fertility being much lower at the Colombian than the Northern Australian site.Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM, which suggests that they could comprise a reasonable proportion of ruminant diets. All other species grown in South America contained 100–240 g CT kg−1 DM, which suggests that they should only be fed in small amounts as supplements to dilute the CT concentration.Leucaenaspecies andCalliandra calothyrsusgrown in Northern Australia contained intermediate concentrations of total CT (60–90 g kg−1 DM). Most species contained 70–95% of total CT as extractable CT, with the exception ofFlemingia macrophylla, where 60% was extractable and 40% bound, andGliricidia sepium, where almost all the CT was bound to protein. Values forFlemingia macrophylladiffered between accessions. Extractable CT determined with vanillin–HCl was generally higher than extractable CT determined with butanol–HCl. Three accessions showed negligible (<1 g kg−1 DM) extractable CT with butanol–HCl but 10–12 g extractable CT kg−1 DM with vanillin–HCl. Two accessions showed undetectable levels of extractable CT but substantial levels of protein-bound CT, illustrating the importance of using a bound CT method for identifying forages containing CT. Relative to freeze drying, oven drying ofLeucaenaspecies reduced the concentration of extractable CT and increased concentrations of bound CT. The significance of the results for the nutrition of ruminant livestock are discussed, including the possible roles of protein-bound and fibre-bound CT.
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Claims 20
Claim · model-written summary
All tropical legume species except Senna siamea contained condensed tannin.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“With the exception of Senna siameaall species contained CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Acacia boliviana contained less than 55 g total CT per kg dry matter.
- Taxon
- Acacia boliviana
Acacia bolivianae1 - Outcome
- total CTe1
- Value
- <55 g total CT kg−1 DMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Arachis pintoi contained less than 55 g total CT per kg dry matter.
- Taxon
- Arachis pintoi
Arachis pintoie1 - Outcome
- total CTe1
- Value
- <55 g total CT kg−1 DMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Centrosema latidens contained less than 55 g total CT per kg dry matter.
- Taxon
- Centrosema latidensCentrosema latidense1
- Outcome
- total CTe1
- Value
- <55 g total CT kg−1 DMe1
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Senna velutina contained less than 55 g total CT per kg dry matter.
- Taxon
- Senna velutinaSenna velutinae1
- Outcome
- total CTe1
- Value
- <55 g total CT kg−1 DMe1
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Gliricidia sepium contained less than 55 g total CT per kg dry matter.
- Taxon
- Gliricidia sepium
Gliricidia sepiume1 - Outcome
- total CTe1
- Value
- <55 g total CT kg−1 DMe1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Other species grown in South America contained 100–240 g total CT per kg dry matter.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“All other species grown in South America contained 100–240 g CT kg−1 DM”
Claim · model-written summary
Leucaena species grown in Northern Australia contained intermediate total CT concentrations of 60–90 g per kg dry matter.
- Outcome
- total CTe2
- Value
- 60–90 g kg−1 DMe2
- Qualifier
- intermediate concentrationse2
- Setting
- Northern Australiae2
LeucaenaOrganisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e2“Leucaenaspecies andCalliandra calothyrsusgrown in Northern Australia contained intermediate concentrations of total CT (60–90 g kg−1 DM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Calliandra calothyrsus grown in Northern Australia contained intermediate total CT concentrations of 60–90 g per kg dry matter.
- Taxon
- Calliandra calothyrsus
Calliandra calothyrsuse2 - Outcome
- total CTe2
- Value
- 60–90 g kg−1 DMe2
- Qualifier
- intermediate concentrationse2
- Setting
- Northern Australiae2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e2“Leucaenaspecies andCalliandra calothyrsusgrown in Northern Australia contained intermediate concentrations of total CT (60–90 g kg−1 DM)”
Claim · model-written summary
Most species contained 70–95% of their total CT as extractable CT.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e3“Most species contained 70–95% of total CT as extractable CT, with the exception ofFlemingia macrophylla, where 60% was extractable and 40% bound”
Claim · model-written summary
Flemingia macrophylla had 60% of its CT extractable, and this value differed between accessions.
- Taxon
- Flemingia macrophylla
Flemingia macrophyllae3 - Material
- accessionse5
- Outcome
- extractable CTe3
- Value
- 60%e3
- Qualifier
- differed between accessionse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e3“Most species contained 70–95% of total CT as extractable CT, with the exception ofFlemingia macrophylla, where 60% was extractable and 40% bound”
e5“Values forFlemingia macrophylladiffered between accessions”
Claim · model-written summary
Flemingia macrophylla had 40% of its CT bound.
- Taxon
- Flemingia macrophyllaFlemingia macrophyllae3
- Outcome
- bounde3
- Value
- 40%e3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e3“Most species contained 70–95% of total CT as extractable CT, with the exception ofFlemingia macrophylla, where 60% was extractable and 40% bound”
Claim · model-written summary
Gliricidia sepium had almost all of its CT bound to protein.
- Taxon
- Gliricidia sepiumGliricidia sepiume6
- Outcome
- bound to proteine6
- Qualifier
- almost all the CTe6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e6“Gliricidia sepium, where almost all the CT was bound to protein”
Claim · model-written summary
Extractable CT determined with vanillin–HCl was generally higher than extractable CT determined with butanol–HCl.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e7“Extractable CT determined with vanillin–HCl was generally higher than extractable CT determined with butanol–HCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Three accessions showed negligible extractable CT with butanol–HCl but 10–12 g per kg dry matter with vanillin–HCl.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Three accessions showed negligible (<1 g kg−1 DM) extractable CT with butanol–HCl but 10–12 g extractable CT kg−1 DM with vanillin–HCl”
Claim · model-written summary
Two accessions showed undetectable extractable CT but substantial protein-bound CT.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Two accessions showed undetectable levels of extractable CT but substantial levels of protein-bound CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Oven drying reduced the concentration of extractable CT in Leucaena species relative to freeze drying.
- Treatment
- oven dryinge1
- Outcome
- concentration of extractable CTe1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Comparator
- freeze dryinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative to freeze drying, oven drying ofLeucaenaspecies reduced the concentration of extractable CT and increased concentrations of bound CT”
Claim · model-written summary
Oven drying increased the concentrations of bound CT in Leucaena species relative to freeze drying.
- Treatment
- oven dryinge1
- Outcome
- concentrations of bound CTe1
- Direction
- increasede1
- Comparator
- freeze dryinge1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e1“Relative to freeze drying, oven drying ofLeucaenaspecies reduced the concentration of extractable CT and increased concentrations of bound CT”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that the low-CT species could comprise a reasonable proportion of ruminant diets.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“Acacia boliviana,Arachis pintoi,Centrosema latidens,Senna velutinaandGliricidia sepiumcontained <55 g total CT kg−1 DM, which suggests that they could comprise a reasonable proportion of ruminant diets”
Claim · model-written summary
The authors suggest that the other South American species should only be fed in small amounts as supplements to dilute their CT concentration.
Verbatim
e0“leaves of tropical legumes grown in both Colombia and Northern Australia”
e1“All other species grown in South America contained 100–240 g CT kg−1 DM, which suggests that they should only be fed in small amounts as supplements to dilute the CT concentration”