Abstract
Despite a consistent and massive yearly bloom, the production of a fruit crop by Amelanchier alnifolia is highly variable. The objectives of this study were to characterize the magnitude and timing of fruit loss in A. alnifolia and to determine the causes of this loss, emphasizing factors that cause damage to flowers and immature fruit. Fruit loss was consistently of a large magnitude; for the 6 years that data were available, a mean of 81% of the potential fruit were lost. Mature fruit to flower ratios varied from 0.02 to 0.46 [Formula: see text]. The number of fruit per infructescence decreased within each season consistently and significantly. The period of decrease was initiated shortly after anthesis and was complete by mid-June, varying from 9 to 34 days [Formula: see text] in length. Fruit growth (mg dry weight) was only 16% complete by the end of the period of fruit loss. Of the abscised fruit collected and examined, a mean of 81% were damaged; 2–90% [Formula: see text] were damaged by a sawfly (Hoplocampa montanicola; Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae) and 0–68% [Formula: see text] were damaged by frost. From 0 to 21% [Formula: see text] were damaged by other factors including a curculio (Anthonomus spp.) and unidentified insects and fungi. The cause of 19% of the total loss was undetermined.
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Claims 10
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia is consistently large, with a mean of 81% of the potential fruit lost.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifolia
Amelanchier alnifoliat0 - Outcome
- Fruit losse0
- Value
- 81%e1
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e0“Fruit loss was consistently of a large magnitude”
e1“a mean of 81% of the potential fruit were lost”
Claim · model-written summary
Mature fruit to flower ratios in Amelanchier alnifolia vary from 0.02 to 0.46.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Outcome
- Mature fruit to flower ratiose2
- Value
- 0.02 to 0.46e2
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e2“Mature fruit to flower ratios varied from 0.02 to 0.46”
Claim · model-written summary
The number of fruit per infructescence decreases consistently and significantly within each season.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Outcome
- number of fruit per infructescencee3
- Direction
- decreasede3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e3“The number of fruit per infructescence decreased within each season consistently and significantly”
Claim · model-written summary
The period of fruit decrease starts shortly after anthesis, is complete by mid-June, and lasts 9 to 34 days.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Outcome
- period of decreasee4
- Value
- 9 to 34 dayse4
- Qualifier
- initiated shortly after anthesis and was complete by mid-Junee4
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e4“The period of decrease was initiated shortly after anthesis and was complete by mid-June, varying from 9 to 34 days”
Claim · model-written summary
Fruit growth is only 16% complete by the end of the period of fruit loss.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Outcome
- Fruit growth (mg dry weight)e5
- Value
- 16%e5
- Qualifier
- by the end of the period of fruit losse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e5“Fruit growth (mg dry weight) was only 16% complete by the end of the period of fruit loss”
Claim · model-written summary
Of the abscised fruit, a mean of 81% are damaged.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Outcome
- damagede6
- Value
- 81%e6
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e6“Of the abscised fruit collected and examined, a mean of 81% were damaged”
Claim · model-written summary
Sawfly (Hoplocampa montanicola) damages 2–90% of the abscised fruit.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Interactor
- Hoplocampa montanicolae7pest
- Outcome
- damagede7
- Value
- 2–90%e7
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e7“2–90% [Formula: see text] were damaged by a sawfly (Hoplocampa montanicola; Hymenoptera: Tenthredinidae)”
Claim · model-written summary
Frost damages 0–68% of the abscised fruit.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Treatment
- froste0
- Outcome
- damagede0
- Value
- 0–68%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e0“0–68% [Formula: see text] were damaged by frost”
Claim · model-written summary
Curculio (Anthonomus spp.) and other factors damage 0 to 21% of the abscised fruit.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Interactor
- Anthonomus spp.
Anthonomuse0pest - Outcome
- damagede0
- Value
- 0 to 21%e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e0“From 0 to 21% [Formula: see text] were damaged by other factors including a curculio (Anthonomus spp.) and unidentified insects and fungi”
Claim · model-written summary
The cause of 19% of the total fruit loss is undetermined.
- Taxon
- Amelanchier alnifoliaAmelanchier alnifoliat0
- Outcome
- cause of 19% of the total losse0
- Qualifier
- undeterminede0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Magnitude, timing, and causes of immature fruit loss in Amelanchier alnifolia”
e0“The cause of 19% of the total loss was undetermined”