Abstract
Under stress conditions, mitochondria sense metabolic changes, e.g. in pH, cytoplasmic Ca(2+), energy status, and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and respond by induction of the permeability transition pore (PTP) and by releasing cytochrome c, thus initiating the programmed cell death (PCD) cascade in animal cells. In plant cells, the presence of all the components of the cascade has not yet been shown. In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root mitochondria, the onset of anoxia caused rapid dissipation of the inner membrane potential, initial shrinkage of the mitochondrial matrix and the release of previously accumulated Ca(2+). Ca(2+) uptake by mitochondria was dependent on the presence of inorganic phosphate. Treatment of mitochondria with high micromolar and millimolar Ca(2+) (but not Mg(2+)) concentrations induced high amplitude swelling, indicative of PTP opening. Alterations in mitochondrial volume were confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. Mitochondrial swelling was not sensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA)-an inhibitor of mammalian PTP. The release of cytochrome c was monitored under lack of oxygen. Anoxia alone failed to induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria. Oxygen deprivation and Ca(2+) ions together caused cytochrome c release in a CsA-insensitive manner. This process correlated positively with Ca(2+) concentration and required Ca(2+) localization in the mitochondrial matrix. Functional characteristics of wheat root mitochondria, such as membrane potential, Ca(2+) transport, swelling, and cytochrome c release under lack of oxygen are discussed in relation to PCD.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Anoxia rapidly dissipated the inner membrane potential in wheat root mitochondria.
- Taxon
- Wheat
Triticum aestivumt0 - Organ / stage
- roote0
- Treatment
- anoxiae0
- Outcome
- inner membrane potentiale0
- Direction
- dissipatione0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“In wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) root mitochondria, the onset of anoxia caused rapid dissipation of the inner membrane potential”
Claim · model-written summary
Anoxia initially shrank the wheat mitochondrial matrix.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- anoxiae0
- Outcome
- mitochondrial matrixe0
- Direction
- shrinkagee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“the onset of anoxia caused rapid dissipation of the inner membrane potential, initial shrinkage of the mitochondrial matrix”
Claim · model-written summary
Anoxia released previously accumulated calcium from wheat root mitochondria.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- anoxiae0
- Outcome
- release of previously accumulated Ca(2+)e0
- Direction
- releasee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“the onset of anoxia caused rapid dissipation of the inner membrane potential, initial shrinkage of the mitochondrial matrix and the release of previously accumulated Ca(2+)”
Claim · model-written summary
Mitochondrial calcium uptake depended on inorganic phosphate.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- inorganic phosphatee0
- Outcome
- Ca(2+) uptakee0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Ca(2+) uptake by mitochondria was dependent on the presence of inorganic phosphate”
Claim · model-written summary
High calcium concentrations induced high amplitude swelling of wheat mitochondria, unlike magnesium.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- high micromolar and millimolar Ca(2+)e0
- Outcome
- high amplitude swellinge0
- Direction
- inducede0
- Comparator
- Mg(2+)e0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Treatment of mitochondria with high micromolar and millimolar Ca(2+) (but not Mg(2+)) concentrations induced high amplitude swelling, indicative of PTP opening”
Claim · model-written summary
The swelling was interpreted as evidence of permeability transition pore opening.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Outcome
- PTP openinge0
- Qualifier
- high amplitude swellinge0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“induced high amplitude swelling, indicative of PTP opening”
Claim · model-written summary
Cyclosporin A did not affect wheat mitochondrial swelling.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- cyclosporin Ae0
- Outcome
- Mitochondrial swellinge0
- Direction
- not sensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Mitochondrial swelling was not sensitive to cyclosporin A (CsA)”
Claim · model-written summary
Anoxia alone did not release cytochrome c from wheat mitochondria.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Anoxia alonee0
- Outcome
- cytochrome c releasee0
- Direction
- failed to inducee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Anoxia alone failed to induce cytochrome c release from mitochondria”
Claim · model-written summary
Oxygen deprivation together with calcium released cytochrome c in a cyclosporin A insensitive manner.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Treatment
- Oxygen deprivation and Ca(2+) ions togethere0
- Outcome
- cytochrome c releasee0
- Direction
- causede0
- Qualifier
- CsA-insensitivee0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“Oxygen deprivation and Ca(2+) ions together caused cytochrome c release in a CsA-insensitive manner”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytochrome c release correlated positively with calcium concentration.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Ca(2+)e0
- Outcome
- This processe0
- Direction
- positivelye0
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“This process correlated positively with Ca(2+) concentration”
Claim · model-written summary
Cytochrome c release required calcium localization in the mitochondrial matrix.
- Taxon
- WheatTriticum aestivumt0
- Compound
- Ca(2+)e0
- Outcome
- This processe0
- Qualifier
- localization in the mitochondrial matrixe0
Not reportedDirection
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)”
e0“This process correlated positively with Ca(2+) concentration and required Ca(2+) localization in the mitochondrial matrix”
The same questions in other papers
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