Abstract
A preliminary field test in 1993/94 showed that application of extracts of fruits of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), endod ( Phytolacca dodecandra L.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) significantly reduced the levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injury due to larvae of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), and resulted in increases in crop yield. The following season, the effects of extracts of leaves and fruits of each plant extract on B. fusca larvae were separately evaluated. Extracts of both leaves and fruits of chinaberry (either fresh or dried) were effective in reducing the number of larvae. All the rates used significantly reduced the number of larvae below those in the untreated controls. Fresh leaves and fruits of endod were also effective against B. fusca. Fruits of pepper tree were superior to leaves. Fresh leaves of this plant did not reduce the number oflarvae. Two applications of any of the three botanicals were not sufficient to provide complete protection of maize against second generation larvae. This suggests that these botanicals have only brief persistence, and more than two applications of the extracts would be necessary to reduce part numbers.
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Claims 11
Claim · model-written summary
Chinaberry fruit extract significantly reduced leaf infestation and deadheart injury caused by maize stalk borer larvae.
- Treatment
- extracts of fruits of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.)e1
- Interactor
- Busseola fusca
Busseola fuscae1pest - Outcome
- levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injurye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- Southern Ethiopiat0
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e1“application of extracts of fruits of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), endod ( Phytolacca dodecandra L.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) significantly reduced the levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injury due to larvae of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), and resulted in increases in crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Endod fruit extract significantly reduced leaf infestation and deadheart injury caused by maize stalk borer larvae.
- Treatment
- endod ( Phytolacca dodecandra L.)e1
- Interactor
- Busseola fuscaBusseola fuscae1pest
- Outcome
- levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injurye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- Southern Ethiopiat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e1“application of extracts of fruits of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), endod ( Phytolacca dodecandra L.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) significantly reduced the levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injury due to larvae of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), and resulted in increases in crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper tree (Schinus molle) fruit extract significantly reduced leaf infestation and deadheart injury caused by maize stalk borer larvae.
- Treatment
- pepper tree (Schinus molle L.)e1
- Interactor
- Busseola fuscaBusseola fuscae1pest
- Outcome
- levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injurye1
- Direction
- reducede1
- Setting
- Southern Ethiopiat0
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e1“application of extracts of fruits of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), endod ( Phytolacca dodecandra L.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) significantly reduced the levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injury due to larvae of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), and resulted in increases in crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Application of the botanical extracts resulted in increased maize crop yield.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e1“application of extracts of fruits of chinaberry (Melia azedarach L.), endod ( Phytolacca dodecandra L.) and pepper tree (Schinus molle L.) significantly reduced the levels of leaf infestation and deadheart injury due to larvae of the maize stalk borer, Busseola fusca (Fuller), and resulted in increases in crop yield”
Claim · model-written summary
Extracts of chinaberry leaves and fruits, fresh or dried, reduced the number of larvae.
- Treatment
- Extracts of both leaves and fruits of chinaberry (either fresh or dried)e2
- Outcome
- number of larvaee2
- Direction
- reducinge2
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e2“Extracts of both leaves and fruits of chinaberry (either fresh or dried) were effective in reducing the number of larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
All chinaberry extract rates significantly reduced the number of larvae below the untreated controls.
- Treatment
- All the rates usede3
- Outcome
- number of larvaee3
- Direction
- reducede3
- Comparator
- untreated controlse3
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e3“All the rates used significantly reduced the number of larvae below those in the untreated controls”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh endod leaves and fruits were effective against Busseola fusca.
- Treatment
- Fresh leaves and fruits of endode4
- Interactor
- B. fuscaBusseola fuscae4pest
- Outcome
- effective against B. fuscae4
- Direction
- effectivee4
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e4“Fresh leaves and fruits of endod were also effective against B. fusca”
Claim · model-written summary
Pepper tree fruits were superior to leaves.
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e5“Fruits of pepper tree were superior to leaves”
Claim · model-written summary
Fresh leaves of the pepper tree did not reduce the number of larvae.
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e6“Fresh leaves of this plant did not reduce the number oflarvae”
Claim · model-written summary
Two applications of any of the three botanicals were not sufficient to give complete protection of maize against second generation larvae.
- Treatment
- Two applications of any of the three botanicalse7
- Outcome
- complete protection of maizee7
- Direction
- not sufficiente7
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e7“Two applications of any of the three botanicals were not sufficient to provide complete protection of maize against second generation larvae”
Claim · model-written summary
More than two applications of the extracts would be needed, because the botanicals have only brief persistence.
- Outcome
- more than two applications of the extractse5
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
t0“against the maize stalk borer (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) in Southern Ethiopia”
e5“This suggests that these botanicals have only brief persistence, and more than two applications of the extracts would be necessary to reduce part numbers”
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See all 90 papers →Claims are grouped by organism, treatment and what was measured or targeted. A paper counts as positive when any of its claims in the group is positive.