Abstract
The presence of weeds in cultivated fields can significantly reduce the yield of crops. In recent years, however, more and more attention has been paid to limiting the amount of chemical plant protection products used in agriculture. Numerous studies are carried out using substances of natural origin, like essential oils, as herbicides, fungicides and insecticides. In the conducted experiment, the use of clove (Eugenia caryophyllus (Spreng.) Bullock & S.G. Harrison) and pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) essential oils applied pre-and post-emergence as herbicides was investigated. Commercial source materials were selected. Emulsified essential oils were applied at 5, 10, 15, and 20 L ha -1 . The test plants were winter oilseed rape (Brassica napus L. subsp. oleifera (Delile) Sinskaya) and maize (Zea mays L.) The comparative herbicides were mesotrione and terbuthylazine (applied in doses registered in maize cultivation). Pre-emergence treatment was performed 1 d after sowing, and post-emergence essential oils and herbicide were applied when oilseed rape was in the 2-3 leaf stage and the maize was in the 3-4 leaf stage. Clove essential oil applied post-emergence contributed to the damage to both plant species (3 d after treatment: 7.5%-46.3% damage of volunteer oilseed rape; 2.5%-25.0% damage of maize, depending on dose). It also influenced the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II. However, its effect was transient, unlike the synthetic herbicide. Applied pre-emergence, it did not affect the development of maize and rape (0% plant damage). Pine essential oil did not damage the test plants in soil and foliar application (0% plant damage).
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Claims 7
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence clove essential oil damaged volunteer oilseed rape by 7.5%-46.3% at 3 d after treatment, depending on dose.
- Taxon
- volunteer oilseed rapee1
- Treatment
- Clove essential oil applied post-emergencee0
- Outcome
- damagee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 7.5%-46.3%e1
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Clove essential oil applied post-emergence contributed to the damage to both plant species”
e1“3 d after treatment: 7.5%-46.3% damage of volunteer oilseed rape”
Claim · model-written summary
Post-emergence clove essential oil damaged maize by 2.5%-25.0% at 3 d after treatment, depending on dose.
- Treatment
- Clove essential oil applied post-emergencee0
- Outcome
- damagee1
- Direction
- increaseinferrede1
- Value
- 2.5%-25.0%e1
- Qualifier
- depending on dosee1
Zea maysNot reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clove essential oil applied post-emergence contributed to the damage to both plant species”
e1“2.5%-25.0% damage of maize, depending on dose”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil influenced the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II.
- Treatment
- Clove essential oil applied post-emergencee0
- Outcome
- maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem IIe1
Not reportedTaxonComparatorDirection
Verbatim
e0“Clove essential oil applied post-emergence”
e1“It also influenced the maximum photochemical efficiency of photosystem II”
Claim · model-written summary
The effect of clove essential oil was transient, unlike that of the synthetic herbicide.
- Treatment
- Clove essential oil applied post-emergencee0
- Outcome
- effecte1
- Direction
- transiente1
- Comparator
- synthetic herbicidee1
Not reportedTaxon
Verbatim
e0“Clove essential oil applied post-emergence”
e1“its effect was transient, unlike the synthetic herbicide”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil applied pre-emergence did not affect the development of maize (0% plant damage).
- Treatment
- Clove essential oile0
- Outcome
- developmente1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
- Value
- 0% plant damagee1
- Qualifier
- Applied pre-emergencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
Verbatim
e0“Clove essential oil applied post-emergence”
e1“Applied pre-emergence, it did not affect the development of maize and rape (0% plant damage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Clove essential oil applied pre-emergence did not affect the development of oilseed rape (0% plant damage).
- Taxon
- rape
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=60)
Brassica napuse1 - Treatment
- Clove essential oile0
- Outcome
- developmente1
- Direction
- did not affecte1
- Value
- 0% plant damagee1
- Qualifier
- Applied pre-emergencee1
Not reportedComparator
Organisms pictured · Representative pictures of the matched species, not figures from the paper.
_Brassica_napus_-_Habit.jpg?width=500)
Verbatim
e0“Clove essential oil applied post-emergence”
e1“Applied pre-emergence, it did not affect the development of maize and rape (0% plant damage)”
Claim · model-written summary
Pine essential oil did not damage the test plants in soil or foliar application (0% plant damage).
- Taxon
- test plantse0
- Treatment
- Pine essential oile0
- Outcome
- damagee0
- Direction
- did not damagee0
- Value
- 0% plant damagee0
Not reportedComparator
Verbatim
e0“Pine essential oil did not damage the test plants in soil and foliar application (0% plant damage)”
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